Author: ancientegyptblog7

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Bronze Blade With Hatshepsut’s Name

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on this Bronze Blade with Hatshepsut’s name!

Bronze Blade With Hatshepsut's Name
Bronze Blade with Hatshepsut’s name in the hieroglyphic inscription at the Petrie Museum

While it doesn’t look like much, this piece is actually a bronze π“ˆ”π“€π“ˆ’π“¦ blade π“…“π“‚§π“ˆ–π“π“‹΄ that was once attached to a handle. This was one of my favorite objects that I saw at the Petrie Museum because it has Hatshepsut’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ throne name on it!

I also think this piece is unpublished, so it was a total surprise for me to see that it even existed! Since her name π“‚‹π“ˆ–appears on the blade π“…“π“‚§π“ˆ–π“π“‹΄, it means that it was most certainly made during Hatshepsut’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ time as pharaoh 𓉐𓉻. 

Let’s take a closer look at the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! 

π“„€π“ŠΉ – Great God

(𓇳𓁦𓂓) – Maatkare (Hatshepsut’s Throne Name which translates to β€œTruth 𓁦 is the Soul π“‚“ of Re 𓇳.”)

π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– – Amun

𓏃 – Foremost 

𓂦𓂦𓉐- Holiest of Holies (the name given to Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el-Bahri. It can also be written as 𓂦𓂋𓂦π“₯𓉐). 

π“ŒΊπ“‡Œ – Beloved 

Put together, the inscription reads: π“„€π“ŠΉ(𓇳𓁦𓂓)π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ƒπ“‚¦π“‚¦π“‰π“ŒΊπ“‡Œ β€œThe Great God Maatkare, Beloved of Amun, Foremost of the Holiest of Holies.” 

Interestingly, Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ is referred to as β€œThe Great God π“„€π“ŠΉβ€ instead of the β€œGreat Goddess π“„€π“ŠΉπ“β€ as she usually is in inscriptions π“Ÿπ“›π“₯. Certain inscriptions π“Ÿπ“›π“₯ towards the later part of her reign π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“ did sometimes omit the feminine ending of the word, so this might mean the blade π“…“π“‚§π“ˆ–π“π“‹΄ is from the late part of her rule π“‹Ύπ“ˆŽπ“. Or this could just be a spacing issue – the blade π“…“π“‚§π“ˆ–π“π“‹΄ is small π“ˆ–π“†“π“‹΄π“…© so maybe not all of the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ could fit! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

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Blog

Anubis in Disney World

Did you know you can find Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 all over Hollywood Studios in Disney World? Well, now you do!

There used to be a ride called β€œThe Great Movie Ride” and there was an entire room dedicated to Indiana Jones! Since it was modeled after β€œRaiders of the Lost Arc,” there was a lot of ancient Egyptian stuff going on! β€œThe Great Movie Ride” no longer exists, however, the Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 statues have been repurposed and you can find pieces of them in the park! 

Anubis in Disney World
Me in Galaxy’s Edge with the foot that belonged to an Anubis statue!

The picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 above is in Galaxy’s Edge and I’m am with Anubis’ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 foot! Anubis’ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 foot is hidden amongst the Jedi statues outside one of the stores! It’s so cool to have some ancient Egypt in a Galaxy Far, Far Away! 

Anubis in Disney World

The 𓏏𓅱𓏏 above is in a little shop and it’s Anubis’ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 head from the Great Movie Ride! I was very excited by this find!

It’s so much fun to find little pieces of ancient Egypt everywhere I go! Next time you’re in Disney World make sure you look for Anubis in Hollywood Studios! 

I hope you’re enjoying my β€œAncient Egypt in Disney” posts!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblog 

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Video

Mummy Case of Nespanetjerenpere – Video

There are so many beautiful π“„€ images 𓅱𓏏𓅱π“ͺ of the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ on this mummiform coffin 𓅱𓇋𓀾! Who are some of the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ and goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ you can see?! Let me know in the comments! 

This coffin is made of cartonnage, which is a material that is made when linen 𓍱 or papyrus 𓍯𓇅 mixed with plaster! This is from the Third Intermediate Period, and dates from the 22nd – 25th Dynasties. 

This mummy case 𓅱𓇋𓀾 belonged to a priest π“ŠΉπ“› named Nespanetjerenpere. While to many the images 𓅱𓏏𓅱π“ͺ may seem like random pictures of the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ, it is actually a collection of carefully selected religious symbols meant to help guide Nespanetjerenpere on his journey to the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 and and ensure rebirth π“„Ÿπ“Ώπ“…±. 

Watch my previous video for a better look at the front! 

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblog 

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Video

Large Granite Statue of Hatshepsut – Video

This large red granite π“…“π“Œ³π“π“ŽΆ statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ is large and majestic and one of the most beautiful 𓄀𓆑𓂋!Β 

The most striking aspect of this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 besides the size is the fact that Hatshepsut’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ face, which displays feminine features, remained pretty much intact! Many of Hatshepsut’s 𓇳𓁦𓂓 statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾π“ͺ have the faces destroyed, possibly in an attempt to destroy her image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 so she would be forgotten from history.

Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ is in a kneeling position holding a nemset jar π“Œπ“Ί in each hand 𓂧𓏏𓏺. In ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, kneeling is considered a worshipping 𓇼𓄿𓀒/offering π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 position. A pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 only kneels to another god π“ŠΉ, who in this case is probably Amun-Ra π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“‡³π“Ί.

Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ is depicted wearing the nemes π“ˆ–π“…“π“‹΄ head cloth and the false beard which was typical fashion for a pharaoh 𓉐𓉻!

The hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on the back of the statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 show her throne name, Maatkare 𓇳𓁦𓂓. 

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost.Β 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Imhotep Statue at the Vatican Museum

It’s been a while since I shared a picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 of an Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾! I love this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ so much – look at those ears! It’s so cute!! This Imhotep statue is on display at the Vatican Museum!

Imhotep Statue
Bronze Statue of Imhotep on display at the Vatican Museum

The Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾π“ͺ are always fashioned the same so they are very easy to pick out in museums! Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ is always depicted as a scribe π“Ÿπ“€€ sitting with a papyrus roll 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 across his lap.

Even though Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ lived during the 3rd Dynasty, most of his statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾π“ͺ are dated to the Ptolemaic Period, which is when Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ was widely worshipped 𓇼𓄿𓀒 as a god π“ŠΉ, especially by the Greeks. Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ was one of the few non-royal Egyptians to be deified. 

The name π“‚‹π“ˆ– Imhotep π“‡π“…“π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ actually translates to β€œHe Who Comes in Peace.” Let’s break down the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– to see what each of the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ mean! 

𓇍 – Come, Arrive, Return

π“…“ – Who Is/Who Is In

π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ – Peace

I love translating the names of ancient Egyptian people! Much like names today, their names meant something too! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“Life” in Hieroglyphs

Life, Vita, π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“.

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!Β 

"Life" in Hieroglyphs
“Life” in hieroglyphs written on papyrus.

This is a piece of papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 with the word β€œLife π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“β€ written on it. To the ancient Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ, words were powerful because if something was written down, it was put into existence for all eternity 𓆖. This is why they put such importance on preserving the image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 and name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 person. This is also probably why Rameses II usurped as many statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾π“ͺ of previous pharaohs 𓉐𓉻π“₯ as he could and put his name π“‚‹π“ˆ– on them!

Many Egyptian phrases mention life π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“, such as the most popular ones like β€œGiven Life 𓏙𓋹,β€œ β€œGiven Life for Eternity 𓏙𓋹𓆖,” and β€œGiven Life, Stability and Strength π“™π“‹Ήπ“Š½π“Œ€.” 

In Middle Egyptian, β€œLife” can be either written as: 

π“‹Ή – just the single β€œankh” symbol 

π“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“ – the full word written out (which is what is pictured) 

The lone π“‹Ή symbol is a triliteral phonogram with the sound β€œΛnḫ” which is commonly pronounced as β€œankh.” The word β€œΛnḫ” means life on its own! 

The two phonograms that follow after the π“‹Ή are phonetic complements, meaning that the sounds they represent aren’t pronounced a second time, but they are used to show the reader how the triliteral symbol is pronounced! In hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ, some symbols can have multiple pronunciations depending on how the symbol is used, so the phonetic complements help to clear up any confusion!  

The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” The β€œπ“β€ is associated with the sound β€œαΈ«.” So these to uniliteral phonograms complement the sound of the π“‹Ή symbol! 

Both ways to write β€œlife” are common, though the lone β€œ 𓋹” is what most people are familiar with. β€œπ“‹Ήπ“ˆ–π“β€ is used more in full inscriptions π“Ÿπ“›π“₯, while β€œπ“‹Ήβ€ is used in phrases like the ones mentioned above since it is shorter to write. You can think of it as an official abbreviation!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Nephthys in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Nephthys 𓉠! Luckily, this sarcophagus at the Brooklyn Museum has her name π“‚‹π“ˆ– written in two ways!Β 

Nephthys in Hieroglyphs
Nephthys in Hieroglyphs on a sarcophagus at the Brooklyn Museum

Most commonly, the type of symbol that is used in Nephthys’ 𓉠 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is called a Composite Hieroglyph. A Composite Hieroglyphic symbol is a symbol that is the combination of multiple phonographic symbols into a single glyph. 

The three 𓏼 symbols β€œπ“ŽŸπ“π“‰—β€ can be combined to make the β€œπ“‰ β€ symbol! In statuary and funerary art, the crown on her head 𓁢𓏺 is the composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ that is used to write her name (𓉠), which makes Nephthys 𓉠𓏏𓆇 very easy to identify in tomb art/funerary art. Since the goddess depicted on this sarcophagus is wearing the β€œπ“‰ β€ on her head, we know it’s Nephthys! 

But what if she wasn’t wearing the crown? How would we know it was Nephthys 𓉠 that is depicted? Luckily, most ancient Egyptian funerary art came with β€œcaptions” – usually the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the deity was written next to them! In this case, we can see Nephthys’ full name π“‚‹π“ˆ– written out as β€œπ“ŽŸπ“π“‰—π“π“†‡β€ right next to her face! 

Here are the two ways we see Nephthys’ name π“‚‹π“ˆ– in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on the sarcophagus:Β 

𓉠

π“ŽŸπ“π“‰—π“π“†‡

Some other variants of Nephthys’ name π“‚‹π“ˆ– are: 

𓉠𓏏𓆇

𓉠𓏏

π“ŽŸπ“π“‰—π“π“‰π“

π“ŽŸπ“π“‰—π“π“’π“―π“†— 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Anubis in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!Β 

Anubis in Hieroglyphs
Anubis in Hieroglyphs on a sarcophagus at the MET

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³, we are going to look at my favorite word to spot in inscriptions: Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓃣! Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is my favorite Egyptian god π“ŠΉ, so I love spotting the different variants of his name π“‚‹π“ˆ–! His name π“‚‹π“ˆ– turns up a lot because Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is one of the main funerary gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ, and a large part of Egyptian artifacts that are in museums happen to be funerary objects π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“‹΄π“π“π“Š­! 

Let’s take a closer look at the symbols! 

The β€œreed 𓇋” is a uniliteral phonogram for β€œΔ±Ν—,” however it can also function as an ideogram for the word β€œreed 𓇋𓏺.” 

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is also a uniliteral phonogram. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” 

The β€œstool π“Šͺ” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram for the sound β€œp.” 

The β€œrecumbent jackal on shrine 𓃣” is used as both an ideogram and a determinative. 𓃣 is the determinative in the word β€œAnubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓃣” and also an ideogram for β€œAnubis 𓃣. When 𓃣 functions as an ideogram, the β€œπ“ƒ£β€ would be pronounced the same as β€œπ“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣,” which is the full way to write the name. This is my absolute favorite hieroglyphic symbol!

The proper way to say Anubis in Middle Egyptian is β€œΔ±Ν—npw” (pronounced like β€œInpu” or β€œAnpu”). Even though the quail chick is missing in this variant, the determinative of Anubis 𓃣 just implies the full spelling! 

The name π“‚‹π“ˆ– β€œAnubis” is actually the Greek version of his name, not the Middle Egyptian name π“‚‹π“ˆ–, so that is why the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ don’t match up with how we are so used to saying Anubis/Inpu/Anpu’s name π“‚‹π“ˆ–! 

Here are some common variants of Anubis’ name: 

π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓃣 (the one pictured)

π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 

π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓁒 

π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ

π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺπ“…±

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Amduat (Part II)

This is Part 𓏻 of my posts on the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐!Β Please check out Post I first!

Here are some close up pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 of the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 of a woman named Gautsoshen who lived during the 21st Dynasty. Sorry the pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 are a little blurry – it is difficult to get good pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 because of the way the display is! 

The images 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 on the papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 illustrate the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐, which Gautsoshen (and other deceased people) would travel through with Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 over the twelve π“Ž†π“» hours of the night π“ŽΌπ“‚‹π“Ž›π“„›.Β 

The Amduat
Picture 1: Gautsoshen standing before Osiris and Selket

The first picture (above) shows Gautsoshen standing before Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ and the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Selket π“Šƒπ“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“. Selket π“‹΄π“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“†« is one of the four 𓏽 goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ tasked with protecting the mummy.Β 

The Amduat
Picture 2: Ra descending into the Duat

The second picture (above) shows Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 (and by default, Gautsoshen) descending into the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐, which is symbolically the sun 𓇳𓏺 setting in the west π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ. Many of the characters that dwell in the Duat are depicted, such as the two 𓏻 lions π“Œ³π“Ήπ“„Ώπ“„›π“ͺ who represent the east 𓋁𓃀𓏏𓏭 and the west π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ.Β 

Can you spot the variant for β€œAmduat 𓇋𓏢𓇼𓏏𓉐” in this picture?!

The Amduat
Picture 3: This image shows various deities, the most prominent being the hare-headed deities on the right.

The third picture (above) is a continuation of the second, and it shows two hare-headed deities. The female hare-headed deity is the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Wenet/Unut π“ƒΉπ“ˆ–π“π“, who had the titles β€œLady of the Hour” and β€œThe Swift One.” Her companion, the male hare god π“ŠΉ is actually one of the late-period depictions of Osiris π“Š©π“Ή. As a hare, he took the name Un-nefer/Wennefer 𓃹𓄀𓀭. While not a super popular goddess π“ŠΉπ“, π“ƒΉπ“ˆ–π“π“ is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts and the Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺, as well as the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓇼𓏏𓉐.Β 

A bunch of the variants for the word β€œDuat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐” appear on the papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛! Can you spot them?

𓇽𓏏𓉐

𓇽𓉐

𓇼𓏏𓉐

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Amduat (Part 1)

Believe it or not, not every funerary papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 is actually a copy of the Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺! These two 𓏻 papyrus scrolls 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 which belonged to a woman named Gautsoshen are actually a copy of the β€œAmduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐.”

The Amduat
A copy of the Amduat, on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

The word β€œAmduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐” is Middle Egyptian for β€œThat Which is in the Netherworld.” In modern times this text is known as β€œThe Book of the Hidden Chamber” and is a separate entity from the Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺. 

Until the 21st Dynasty, the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 was reserved exclusively for pharaohs 𓉐𓉻π“₯ and usually appeared on the walls of tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“ͺ. The oldest version of the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 is in the tomb π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰ of Thutmosis III 𓇳𓏠𓆣 in the Valley of the Kings. The walls of the tomb π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰ of Seti I 𓇳𓁦𓏠 also contain the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. 

The Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 is the journey that Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 takes from the time the sun 𓇳𓏺 sets in the west π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ and then rises in the east 𓋁𓃀𓏏𓏭. The story takes place over the twelve π“Ž†π“» hours of the night, and each hour represents different deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ  (both friends and enemies) that the deceased person/Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 will encounter. 

Let’s break down the word β€œAmduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐.” 

𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭 – β€œBeing In” or β€œThat Which is In” 

𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 – Duat (Netherworld/Afterlife)Β 

Why is the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 referred to as the Netherworld and not the more popular term “Underworld?” The Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 is not underneath the current plane of living (like in Greek mythology or Christian faith) according to the Egyptian religion. The Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 exists in an in-between plane that doesn’t have a designated place.

This papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 is dated to the 21st Dynasty (c. 1000–945 B.C.E.), which is right when the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 started being written on papyrus instead of on the walls of tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“ͺ.

Please read Part II of my post on the Amduat 𓇋𓏢𓅓𓏭𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐!Β 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

@ancientegyptblogΒ