Author: ancientegyptblog7

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Unconventional Limestone Stela

This is a very unconventional limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ, and it is from the Ptolemaic Period (2nd-1st century B.C.E.).

From the top, the piece starts of pretty normally – with the sun disk ๐“‡ณ๐“บ and curved wings representing heaven ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ, the two ๐“ป cobras representing Nekhbet ๐“‡‘๐“ƒ€๐“๐“…๐“ŽŸ and Wadjet ๐“‡…๐“‡Œ๐“๐“†˜, and the two ๐“ป jackals ๐“Šƒ๐“„ฟ๐“ƒ€๐“ƒฅ๐“ฆ facing each other. The two ๐“ป jackals ๐“Šƒ๐“„ฟ๐“ƒ€๐“ƒฅ๐“ฆ are sitting on a horizontal line, which is another artistic representation of heaven ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ.

Traditionally, the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ is usually shown making offerings to the god Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ, while Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ accompanied him. However, that is not happening here! The deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ, a man named Pakhaas is shown sitting and receiving offerings from his son ๐“…ญ Pakhy while the deceasedโ€™s ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ wife ๐“‚‘๐“๐“ Nesihor, is shown standing behind him holding a sistrum ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ. Pakhaas and his son ๐“…ญ are separated by an offering table ๐“‚๐“ƒ€๐“…ก๐“„ฟ๐“‹ƒ, and Pakhaas has a tiny Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ sitting in his lap – this could mean that Pakhaas has effectively become Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ. This means that Pakhy is Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ making offerings to his dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ father ๐“‡‹๐“๐“€€, while Nesihor is Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ. So this family has effectively become the very popular Egyptian triad.

The red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ and green ๐“‡…๐“„ฟ๐“†“๐“› paint can still be seen on the stela, whole the blue ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“๐“„ฟ๐“ธ๐“ฅ paint is no longer visible. Red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ and green tend to last longer than blue ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“๐“„ฟ๐“ธ๐“ฅ!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Abydos Kings List and the Missing Pharaohs

Something I was so excited to see in the British Museum was the Abydos King List. There are two surviving King Lists from temples ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰๐“ช at Abydos, the cult center of Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ. One temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ is from Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“ , and the other from his son Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“, who were both pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ during the 19th Dynasty. Seti Iโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  list is still in the temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ at Abydos, while Rameses IIโ€™s ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ was excavated and brought to the British Museum.

While neither list is a 100% complete list, there are some glaring holes in the list – Hatshepsut ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช, Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ–, Smenkhare ๐“‡ณ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ป๐“‚“๐“‚ฆ๐“†ฃ, Tutankhamun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“, and Ayโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“†ฃ๐“†ฃ๐“ช๐“น๐“™๐“ cartouches are missing. Obviously, these names were left off because these pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ are considered non-legitimate. Hatshepsut ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช was the female pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป, and Akhenaten-Ay is considered the Amarna Period, which was not well liked due to the drama of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– changing the religion and moving the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–. In the picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“, Iโ€™m pointing to where Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– should be!

The point of the King Lists was not to preserve history for future generations, rather the main objective was to glorify the gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน, and as we know, pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ were considered gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน on Earth. These lists allowed Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  and Rameses II ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ to assert their legitimacy amongst the old pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–.

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Book of the Dead of Sobekmose

One of the greatest aspects of the Brooklyn Museumโ€™s Egyptian collection is The Book of the Dead for a man named Sobekmose, who had the title โ€œGoldworker of Amun.โ€ Sobekmose was buried in Memphis ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“‰ด๐“Š– and that is where this papyrus ๐“…“๐“‘๐“๐“› was found. This Book of the Dead dates to the 18th Dynasty (early New Kingdom 1500-1480 B.C.E.). It is displayed as one complete papyrus ๐“…“๐“‘๐“๐“›!

The Book of the Dead is interesting because it doesn’t follow a particular story. The spells ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“›๐“ฆ do seem to be grouped by theme, and sometimes pictures ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“ฆ can be representative of the spells ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“›๐“ฆ as well.

In this image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“, you can see some of the Hieratic script that the Book of the Dead is written in – don’t ask me to translate, because I can’t read Hieratic! I can only read hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! I would love to learn Hieratic though! The text is read from top to bottom, right to left.

Some of the Hieratic is in black ๐“†Ž๐“…“ ink while some of it is in red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ. The red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ ink seems to symbolize either the beginning or the end ๐“Žผ๐“‚‹๐“Ž›๐“‚๐“› of a spell ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“›, or it could highlight a word for a noun that was considered “bad” in Egyptian culture. However, sometimes even “offering table ๐“‚๐“ƒ€๐“…ก๐“„ฟ๐“‹ƒ” could have been written/drawn in red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ and offering tables ๐“‚๐“ƒ€๐“…ก๐“„ฟ๐“‹ƒ were not bad at all! So, some of the red ๐“‚ง๐“ˆ™๐“‚‹๐“…Ÿ ink seems kinda random.

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Gold Wreath from the Ptolemaic Period

Much like today, gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ was very valued in the ancient world. This piece is from the Ptolemaic Period (3rd century-2nd century B.C.E.), and it has a very obvious Greek influence. Many different types of wreaths ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ were made in ancient Greece using different plants ๐“†พ๐“†ฐ๐“†ฐ๐“†ฐ. The โ€œplant ๐“‡๐“…“๐“†ฐโ€ used in this wreath ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ may be the laurel, which was associated with the Greek god Apollo. While gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ wreaths ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ like this one could be used to crown athletic victors, it could have also been used in a funerary context. The wreath ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ pictured is most likely one that had a funerary purpose. The wreaths ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ worn by the living were most likely made of real flowers ๐“†ผ๐“…ฑ๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ.

Gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ is a very malleable material, meaning that it can be easily shaped and bent into various shapes. While a great property to have when considering art, this also means that anything made of gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ is extremely delicate. Most gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ jewelry made today is actually an alloy – meaning gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ is mixed with another metal to make it more durable.

Due to the delicate nature of these wreaths ๐“Œด๐“„ฟ๐“Ž›๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ, there are only four ๐“ฝ surviving today!

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Raised Relief of Horus

This raised relief in limestone is dated to the 12th Dynasty (Middle Kingdom c. 1981โ€“1952 B.C.E.) and the reign of the pharaoh Amenemhat I๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“„‚. Amenemhat I ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“„‚ is famous for moving the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– from Thebes ๐“Œ€๐“๐“Š– to just south of Memphis ๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“‰ด๐“Š–. He also began a co-regency with his son ๐“…ญ, Senwosret I ๐“„Š๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ– ten ๐“Ž† years before his death in order to maintain stability. This block was found at the foundation of Amenemhat Iโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“„‚ mortuary temple.

From the right, the upper part of a was scepter ๐“Œ€ can be seen supporting the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ. On the was scepter, a Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— is seen with the shen ๐“ถ symbol of the universe around its neck. The falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ that is seen is actually the top part of the Horus name cartouche (which is usually rectangular shaped and is meant to represent a palace). The god ๐“Šน Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ is seen presenting an ankh ๐“‹น to the falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„. Due to the ram ๐“Šƒ๐“‚‹๐“ƒ horn ๐“„‹๐“๐“บ that can be partially seen on the left, it can be inferred that it is the god ๐“Šน Khnum ๐“Žธ๐“๐“€ญ that is being depicted.

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

On top of Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ reads: ๐“„‘๐“‚ง๐“๐“Š–๐“‚๐“†‘๐“‹น which translates to:

๐“„‘๐“‚ง๐“๐“Š–- Edfu

๐“‚๐“†‘๐“‹น – May He Give Life (One of Horusโ€™ ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ titles is โ€œHorus of Edfu.โ€)

In between Horus and Khnum the inscription is broken but reads: ๐“ƒ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‰๐“ณ ๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‹ด๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ” which translates to: โ€œHe who is before the house of protection, Words Spoken By…โ€

๐“ƒ๐“ˆ–๐“ -Before/In front of

๐“‰๐“ณ – House of Protection

๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ– – Words Spoken By

๐“‹ด๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ” – ?

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Burial Chamber of Sobekmose

This is the burial chamber ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‰ of Sobekmose, who was a treasury official ๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“€€ under the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Amenhotep III ๐“‡ณ๐“ง๐“Ž (18th Dynasty, c. 1417โ€“1379 B.C.E.). The south ๐“‡”๐“…ฑ๐“ wall, part of the east ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ wall, and the ceiling ๐“‰”๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‡ฏ blocks are all preserved here. The blocks are made of sandstone ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“‚ง๐“๐“Œ—๐“ˆ™.

Decorated burial chambers ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‰ were not super common in the 18th Dynasty. Instead, the scenes depicted here were usually distributed amongst many chambers. They are all condensed into one room here.

The ceiling’s ๐“‰”๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‡ฏ inscriptions include a prayer to Nut ๐“Œ๐“๐“‡ฏ๐“€ญ (goddess ๐“Šน๐“ of the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ), โ€œwords spoken by ๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–โ€ Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ and Nut ๐“Œ๐“๐“‡ฏ๐“€ญ, and inscriptions saying that “the Osiris Sobekmose” is “honored by” the Four Sons of Horus and various other gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน. The east ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ entrance wall is decorated with protective texts and images ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“ฆ of Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ. The south ๐“‡”๐“…ฑ๐“ wall is covered in prayers to many different Egyptian gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน and goddesses ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“.

This was purchased from the Egyptian government in 1908, and the north ๐“Ž”๐“ and west ๐“‹€๐“๐“๐“ˆŠ walls of the burial chamber ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‰ are actually in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Canopic Jars and Canopic Jar Lids

Here are some canopic jars and canopic jar lids!

Ever since I was a little kid ๐“๐“‡Œ๐“€• I have been obsessed with the process of mummification and mummies ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ๐“ช – I have never been scared of it I just thought it was so cool! The purpose of the canopic jars was to hold the organs ๐“‡‹๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“„น๐“ฆ that were removed during the process of mummification. The stomach ๐“‚‹๐“„ฃ๐“ป, intestines ๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฎ๐“„ฟ๐“ฒ๐“ผ, the liver ๐“…“๐“Šƒ๐“๐“„น๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ธ and the lungs ๐“Šƒ๐“Œด๐“„ฅ๐“…ฑ๐“„บ. The brain ๐“‚๐“…“๐“…“๐“„น was removed through the nose ๐“†‘๐“ˆ–๐“‚ง๐“‚‰ but then gotten rid of! The heart ๐“‡‹๐“ƒ€๐“„ฃ was not removed because the deceasedโ€™s ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ heart ๐“‡‹๐“ƒ€๐“„ฃ needed to be weighed against Maatโ€™s ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ฆ feather in order to enter the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰.

The canopic jars on the top row belonged to a woman ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“ named Nephtys who was a mayorโ€™s daughter. These are dated to the Middle Kingdom (Dynasty 12 – c. 1981โ€“1802 B.C.E.), and human headed lids were popular during this time period. Before this, the canopic jars had flat lids. These four ๐“ฝ jars are made of limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰!

The canopic jars on the bottom row belong to a person named Kay. These are also dated to the Middle Kingdom (Dynasty 12 – c. 1981โ€“1802 B.C.E.), and are made out of linen ๐“ฑ and stucco. These canopic jars contain a hieroglyphic ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช inscription ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ on the front. I think the lids of these jars are so cool because they look like a mummy mask!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Coffin of Nephtys

This rectangular outer coffin ๐“‹ด๐“…ฑ๐“Ž›๐“๐“†ฑ and mummiform inner coffin ๐“…ฑ๐“‡‹๐“€พ belonged to a woman ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“ named Nephtys who was a mayorโ€™s daughter (the canopic jars from yesterdayโ€™s post belonged to her too). These are dated to the Middle Kingdom (Dynasty 12 – c. 1981โ€“1802 B.C.E.).

The rectangular outer coffin ๐“‹ด๐“…ฑ๐“Ž›๐“๐“†ฑ is very standard for this time period. The two ๐“ป eyes ๐“น๐“๐“ฆ that are seen would serve as a way for the mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ to be able to see into the land of the living. The head ๐“ถ๐“บ of the mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ would have been placed directly behind these two ๐“ป eyes ๐“น๐“๐“ฆ. Below the eyes ๐“น๐“๐“ฆ, is the Middle Kingdom version of the false door (particularly popular in Old Kingdom tombs). The false door would allow the spirit of the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ to be able to travel between the land of the living and the land of the dead. The design is sometimes referred to as the โ€œpalace facade.โ€

The mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ of Nephtys is still preserved in in the mummiform coffin ๐“…ฑ๐“‡‹๐“€พ. The mask she is wearing has a gilded ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ face and is wearing a faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ broad collar ๐“…ฑ๐“‹ด๐“๐“Žบ๐“‹.

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! The standard offering formula is seen in the long line of text at the top of the coffin ๐“‹ด๐“…ฑ๐“Ž›๐“๐“†ฑ!

๐“‡“๐“๐“Šต๐“™ – โ€œAn offering the king gives..โ€

๐“Šจ๐“น๐“บ – โ€œ…Osiris…โ€

๐“ŽŸ – โ€œ…Lord…โ€

๐“Šฝ๐“Šฝ๐“…ฑ – โ€œ…of Djedu…โ€

๐“Šน๐“‰ป – โ€œ…the Great God…โ€

๐“ŽŸ – โ€œ…Lord…โ€

๐“Œ๐“ˆ‹๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“Š– – โ€œ…of Abydos.โ€

๐“‚ž๐“†‘๐“‰“ – โ€œGiven a voice offering of…โ€

So put together, the inscription says:

๐“‡“๐“๐“Šต๐“™๐“Šจ๐“น๐“บ๐“ŽŸ๐“Šฝ๐“Šฝ๐“…ฑ๐“Šน๐“‰ป๐“ŽŸ๐“Œ๐“ˆ‹๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“Š–๐“‚ž๐“†‘๐“‰“

โ€œAn offering the king gives Osiris, Lord of Djedu, the Great God, Lord of Abydos, Given a voice offering of…โ€

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Canopic Jar from the Amarna Period

This beautifully ๐“„ค made canopic jar was made during the reign of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– (Dynasty 18, c. 1349โ€“1336 B.C.E.).

Since itโ€™s discovery in the Valley of the Kings (Tomb KV55) in 1907, Egyptologists have been trying to figure out who the canopic jars (there are four ๐“ฝ of them) originally belonged to. The jar has been identified as: Queen Tiye, Akhenaten’s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…ž๐“๐“ˆ– mother ๐“…๐“๐“; Queen Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ, his principal wife ๐“‡“๐“๐“๐“ˆž; Queen Kiya, his secondary wife; and Princess Merytaten, Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– eldest daughter whom he married later in his reign (๐Ÿคข).

There were hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช on the jar to help identify the original owner, however they have been completely faded or erased. Very faint traces of hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช could identify the owned as Queen Kiya. Some argue that the face looks like Queen Tiye, and that the lid was just placed on Queen Kiyaโ€™s jar. I guess we will never know for sure who the canopic jars belonged to!

The face on the lid is wearing what is called the Nubian Wig, which was very popular during the Amarna Period. There is also a hole on the forehead, where a Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†— would be. These features indicate that the owner of the jar was in fact part of the royal family.

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Mummiform Coffin of Harmose

This (left) mummiform coffin ๐“…ฑ๐“‡‹๐“€พ belonged to a singer named ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– Harmose who lived during the joint rule of Hatshepsut ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช and Thutmosis III ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ(New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, c. 1479โ€“1458 B.C.E.). While Harmose was not royal, this coffin ๐“…ฑ๐“‡‹๐“€พ is still quite striking. The face is overlaid with gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ foil while the eyes ๐“น๐“๐“ฆ are made out of inlaid alabaster (white ๐“Œ‰๐“†“๐“‡ณ) and obsidian (black ๐“†Ž๐“…“). The coffin ๐“…ฑ๐“‡‹๐“€พ was found in the vicinity of Senemutโ€™s ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“…๐“€ผ tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ during excavations funded by the Metropolitan Museum of Art during the 1935-1936 dig season.

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! By now, Iโ€™m sure those of you who have been following me for a bit can now recognize parts of the standard offering formula!

๐“‡“๐“๐“Šต๐“™ – โ€œAn offering the king gives…โ€

๐“Šฉ๐“น – โ€œ…Osiris…โ€ (this is a not as common variation of his name)

๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“› – โ€œ…Ruler of…โ€

๐“†– – โ€œ…Eternity…โ€

๐“‰ผ๐“Šน – โ€œ…The Great Godโ€

๐“ŽŸ – โ€œ…Lord…โ€

๐“Œ๐“ƒ€๐“ˆ‹๐“Š– – โ€œ…of Abydos…โ€ (this is another variation – Abydos is more commonly written as ๐“Œ๐“ˆ‹๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“Š–)

๐“‰“ – โ€œ…A Voice Offering of…โ€