Author: ancientegyptblog7

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Egyptian Artifacts

Amulets of the Four Sons of Horus

These are four 𓏽 faience amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 that represent the four Sons of Horus.

Here, they are depicted as mummiform figures and while amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 could be worn by both the living and the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱, these specific amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 were most likely used by the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱. While the Sons of Horus were first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, these amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 are dated between The Late Period and the Roman Period (664 B.C.E.-after 30 B.C.E.).

After the 18th Dynasty, the Four Sons of Horus were associated with being the heads on canopic jars which would guard the organs 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹𓏦 of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱. While each were associated with an organ 𓇋𓂧𓂋𓄹, they were also each associated with a cardinal direction and were protected by a funerary goddess𓊹𓏏.

(From Left) Imsety 𓇋𓐝𓋴𓍘𓇋 had the head of a human, protected the liver 𓅓𓊃𓏏𓄹𓏸𓏸𓏸, was associated with the South 𓇔𓅱𓏏 and was protected by Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥.

Duamutef 𓇼𓅐𓏏𓆑 had the head of a jackal, protected the stomach 𓂋𓄣𓏻, was associated with the East 𓋁𓃀𓏏𓏭, and was protected by Neith 𓈖𓏏𓋌𓀭.

Qebehsenuef 𓏁𓌢𓌢𓌢𓆑 had the head of a falcon, protected the intestines 𓈖𓊪𓅮𓄿𓏲𓏼, was associated with the West 𓋀𓏏𓏏𓈊, and was protected by Selket 𓊃𓂋𓈎𓏏𓁐.

Hapy 𓎛𓐑𓊪𓇌 had the head of a baboon, protected the lungs 𓊃𓌴𓄥𓅱𓄺, was associated with the North 𓎔𓏏, and was protected by Nephthys 𓉠𓏏𓆇.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Relief of the God Horus

Here is a sunken relief of the god 𓊹 Horus 𓅃𓀭 in white 𓌉𓆓𓇳 limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 at the Louvre! This is a simple but beautiful 𓄤 piece!

Geology Lesson!!! Limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 was incredibly abundant in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 because about 500 million years ago (for perspective, the dinosaurs first started evolving around 250 million years ago), Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 was completely underwater! Limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 (and other sedimentary rocks 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓈙𓏦) mostly form under large bodies of water like oceans and seas! If Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 didn’t have the abundance of limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 that it does, the Egyptian civilization would have been very different! The geology gave the Egyptians 𓆎𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏪 the natural resources they needed to build the world’s most successful ancient civilization!

Egupt’s geologic history is also cool because the Egyptian creation myth says that everything started off as water 𓈗 and the primordial mound rose out of the primordial sea! The creation myth corresponds with Egypt’s 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 geologic past!

Horus 𓅃𓀭 was one of the most important gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 in the Egyptian pantheon. Horus 𓅃𓀭 was the mythological representation of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻/heir to the throne of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. He is usually represented as a human body with a falcon head. On his head, Horus is always seen wearing the double crown 𓋖, which is the combination of the white crown 𓋑 (𓄤𓋑) of Upper Egypt 𓇓 and the red crown 𓋔 (𓂧𓈙𓂋𓏏𓋔) of Lower Egypt 𓆤. The double crown 𓋖 was representative of a unified Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 under the pharaoh’s 𓉐𓉻 rule 𓋾.

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Scarab of Hatshepsut

Here is a scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣 of Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 from the MET! The MET has so many of these beautiful 𓄤 scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪 and I honestly love looking at them! I really like tiny things, so scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪 and other amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 are some of my favorite pieces to see in museums!

This scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣 has a very simple message:

𓊹𓄤 – “Perfect God”

𓇳𓁧𓂓 – “Maatkare”

Interestingly, Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 throne name Maatkare (which translates to “Truth is the Soul of Re”) is usually written as 𓇳𓁦𓂓, however on the scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣, the symbol for Maat is slightly different! On this scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣, the symbol shows Maat holding an ankh 𓁧! It’s a very subtle but cool variation. It doesn’t change the meaning or the pronunciation of her name 𓂋𓈖, but I love seeing little changes like this! Clearly, this was an artistic choice!

When learning hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, throne names are a great place to start learning because the names aren’t too complex! Let’s use Maatkare 𓇳𓁧𓂓 as an example!

𓇳 – Re

𓁧 – Truth (Maat)

𓂓 – Soul (Ka)

With the three 𓏼 symbol cartouche, especially when Re 𓇳𓏺 is involved, it’s read middle-right-left. So why is Re 𓇳𓏺 written first but said last!? Honorific transposition! As a sign of respect, Re (or another god 𓊹) is always written first!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Roman Period Mummy Mask

This is a mummy mask of a woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐 from the Roman Period of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖.

The Roman Period of Egypt is characterized as being after the death of Cleopatra VII 𓈎𓃭𓇋𓍯𓊪𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇, the last pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, in 31 B.C.E. Even though Cleopatra VII 𓈎𓃭𓇋𓍯𓊪𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 was Greek, she is considered to be the last pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖.

My Nonno loved the Roman Period of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 because he loved Roman history too, and it was always so interesting to see the merging of the two civilizations. The merging of the civilizations also meant the merging of both Egyptian and Roman art styles, as is demonstrated by this mask. The mask is made of cartonnage and mostly overlaid with gold 𓋞𓃉𓃉𓃉 leaf. The eyes 𓁹𓏏𓏦 are inlaid with glass 𓋣𓈖𓏏𓏸𓏼, while the garland 𓌴𓄿𓎛𓆰 of flowers 𓆼𓅱𓆰𓏦 is painted.

My favorite detail on this mummy mask are the snake 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆙 bracelets 𓂝𓏠𓆑𓂋𓏏𓇛𓏦 that are carved in raised relief on the arms 𓂝𓏦. I love snake 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆙 themed jewelry and wear snake 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆙 rings 𓂝𓈖𓏏𓋪𓏥 and bracelets 𓂝𓏠𓆑𓂋𓏏𓇛𓏦 myself! I think it is such a beautiful 𓄤 detail on the mask! The woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐 who owned this mask was most likely extremely wealthy because most mummy masks were not completely overlaid with gold 𓋞𓃉𓃉𓃉 leaf such as this one.

The eyebrows on the mask are blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 because it is supposed to be the same color as lapis lazuli 𓐍𓋴𓃀𓂧𓏧! Many of the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 and goddesses 𓊹𓊹𓊹𓏏 were thought to have blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 lapis lazuli 𓐍𓋴𓃀𓂧𓏧 hair! The blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸𓏥 eyebrows could represent this woman joining the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 in the afterlife.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Wooden Model Boats

I absolutely love the wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 tomb 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐 models. I could literally spend hours just looking at them!

Wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 models were very popular in the Middle Kingdom and were usually put in tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐. The boats 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞𓏦 were symbolic, and were meant to help the deceased on their journey in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. When a person died, their body was carried in a boat 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞 across the Nile 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 in a symbolic representation of the journey of the soul 𓂓- from the land of the living to the land of the dead 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. This directly mirrors Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 daily journey across the sky 𓊪𓏏𓇯.

Tombs usually contained two 𓏻 boats 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞𓏦: one sailing in a northward direction, and one sailing in a southward direction.

So many wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 model boats 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞𓏦 have been found because boats 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞𓏦 were essential to daily Egyptian life along the Nile River 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺. Boats 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞𓏦 were not only essential for transporting people, goods and construction materials, but also for the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 and their journeys as well.

This particular boat 𓂧𓊪𓏏𓊞 is so beautiful 𓄤 because so many of the oarsmen are there!

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Statue of a Pharaoh and Ancient Plagiarism

This statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 is very interesting because it was originally made for the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Amenemhat II 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏 during the 12th 𓎆𓏻 Dynasty. However if you look at the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, the cartouches of Rameses II can be read! The pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏥 used to recycle statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 all the time – this is a process known as usurping (taking one pharaoh’s monuments, erasing their name𓂋𓈖, and putting yours!). It’s kind of like ancient plagiarism!

This statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 is made of granodiorite, a type of volcanic (igneous) rock 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓈙. It was quarried at Aswan 𓋴𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏲𓊖 and then transported up the Nile 𓇋𓏏𓂋𓅱𓈗𓈘𓈇𓏺 to Memphis 𓏠𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓉴𓊖, where it was sculpted.

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

𓆥 – King of Upper and Lower Egypt

𓎟𓇿𓇿 – Lord of the Two Lands

(𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖) – Rameses II (throne name Usermaatre)

𓅭𓇳 – Son of Ra

𓈘𓆑 – His Beloved

(𓁩𓁛𓈘𓄟𓋴𓇓) – Rameses II

𓇳𓏇𓏺 – Like Ra

The image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 below shows some of the ancient erasing that took place!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Bronze Statues of Osiris, Isis and Horus

The Bronze Age started due to the rise in the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. Due to war and trade, bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 was able to come to Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 around 700 B.C.E. and replace the traditional stone 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓊪 and clay statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾. The bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 pieces are great antiquities because they can preserve small details over long periods of time. Bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statuary 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 became very popular starting around the Third Intermediate Period (26th Dynasty), and became very abundant in the Ptolemaic Period, which resulted in mass production and a loss of craftsmanship and quality.

The image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 of Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥 feeding Horus 𓅃𓀭 as a baby is one of the most popular images 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 of the Late Period through the Ptolemaic Period. Symbolically, Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥 was thought to be the mother 𓅐𓏏𓁐 of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, and was often associated with motherhood, the protection of women 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐, and a user of magic. As Isis 𓊨𓏏𓁥 became a more popular religious figure, she was associated with cosmological order and was considered to be the embodiment of fate by the Romans. This image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 of a mother 𓅐𓏏𓁐 holding a child 𓐍𓇌𓀕 is thought to have inspired the well known Catholic images of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus as a baby.

Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 was one of the main figures of Egyptian religion. This is because Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 was the god 𓊹 of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱 and the ruler of the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐, and Egyptians spent their entire time living preparing for their death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 and meeting with Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭. When the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 was alive, he was thought to be the living image 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓋹 of the God 𓊹 Horus 𓅃𓀭, but more importantly when the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 died, he was thought to then become an Osiris-like figure.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Statues of Sekhmet

As I’ve stated many times before (it’s a family trait – we always repeat the same stories 😂), my Nonno loved Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐. Now every time I see a statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 of her, I think of my Nonno.

In Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, most of the feline 𓅓𓇋𓅱𓃠 deities were female! This was most likely intentional – much like a lioness 𓌳𓁹𓄿𓏏𓄛 can be gentle and nurturing with her cubs, she can also be extremely fierce and aggressive when she needs to protect 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 them. This duality is quintessential to not only Sekhmet’s 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 role in the Egyptian pantheon, but to the other feline 𓅓𓇋𓅱𓃠 goddesses 𓊹𓏏𓏪 as well!

Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 is always seen with a sun-disk 𓇳𓏺 on her head 𓁶𓏺, which shows that she is the daughter 𓅭𓏏 of Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛. She was known as the goddess 𓊹𓏏 of destruction/war, and her name 𓂋𓈖 means “she who is powerful.” She could also represent the destructive aspects of the sun 𓇳𓏺, such as extreme heat. There were many religious rituals designed to appease her. Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 was feared for being a very powerful and very destructive goddess 𓊹𓏏.

These particular statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 of Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 was made during the rule of Amenhotep III 𓇳𓁧𓎠 during the 18th Dynasty.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Columns of Rameses II at the Louvre

Here I am in the Louvre!

The Louvre had such a large Egyptian collection (even compared to the MET) that I was honestly a little overwhelmed trying to see everything!! My Nonno and I spent the whole time practically running around because we didn’t want to miss anything!

One of the first cartouches I learned to read were for Rameses II 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖. I always felt so proud as a little girl when I could recognize the names of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 on the artifacts! Rameses II’s 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 name 𓂋𓈖 is always a good one to know because he put his name 𓂋𓈖 everywhere! He usurped a lot of monuments from previous pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 and replaced their names with his own. Rameses II 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 also had a lot of variations of his name 𓂋𓈖 and depending when in his reign the monument was made and the amount of space available could determine which cartouche was used.

Here are some examples:

(𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓇓), (𓁩𓁛𓈘𓄟𓋴𓇓), and (𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓁜𓏺𓄟𓋴𓊃) are all different variations of Rameses II’s birth name! While “spelled” with different hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, they actually all mean the same thing! For example, 𓇳𓏺, 𓁛, and 𓁜 are all used to designate “Ra” while 𓇋𓏠𓈖 and 𓁩 are used for Amun! (𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖) which is seen on the column in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 is his throne name!
What’s really cool is that a very similar column also belonging to Rameses II can be found in the British Museum too!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Limestone Column of Bes

This is part of a limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 column that is representative of the god 𓊹 Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 and it is dated to the Ptolemaic Period (332-31 B.C.E.).

Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 was worshipped as the protector 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 of households 𓉐𓏺, mothers 𓅐𓏏𓁐𓏪, children 𓐍𓇌𓀕𓏪, and even childbirth. Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 also represented everything good, and was the enemy of anything evil. Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 is also thought to protect 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 people against sickness. Cups were fashioned in Bes’ 𓃀𓋴𓄜 likeness and people thought if they drank from the cup, Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 would heal them! Small statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 and amulets 𓊐𓊪𓅆𓏪 of Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 were also placed in bedrooms as a form of protection.

Fun fact: the Spanish island of Ibiza is thought to be named after Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜! Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 was worshipped by the Phoenicians (whose pantheon mixed with the Egyptians) and Phoenician settlers brought their worship of Bes 𓃀𓋴𓄜 with them to Ibiza when it was settled. Ibiza actually means “Island of Bes.”