Author: ancientegyptblog7

Book of the Dead of Sobekmose

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date July 8, 2023

One of the greatest aspects of the Brooklyn Museum’s Egyptian collection is The Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 for a man named Sobekmose, who had the title “Goldworker of Amun.” Sobekmose was buried in Memphis 𓏠𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓉴𓊖 and that is where this papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 was found. This Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 dates to the 18th Dynasty (early New Kingdom 1500-1480 B.C.E.).

Me with the Book of the Dead of Sobekmose at the Brooklyn Museum

This Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 is displayed as one complete papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 which is incredible to see! The papyrus 𓅓𓍑𓏏𓏛 is curved, due to either 1) being made that way or 2) getting warped over thousands of years being rolled up in a tomb 𓇋𓇩𓊃𓉐!

The Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 is interesting because it doesn’t follow a particular story. The spells 𓎛𓂓𓏛𓏦 do seem to be grouped by theme, and sometimes pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 can be representative of the spells 𓎛𓂓𓏛𓏦 as well.

The Book of the Dead of Sobekmose with Hieratic script

Hieratic is the script that this Book of the Dead 𓉐𓂋𓏏𓂻𓅓𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓍼𓏺 is written in – don’t ask me to translate, because I can’t read Hieratic well at all! While Hieratic is another way to write the Middle Egyptian language, some of the symbols look VERY different and have evolved over time – it is definitely difficult to learn! Much like hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪, Hieratic can be read from top to bottom, right to left or left to right.

The Book of the Dead of Sobekmose with Hieratic script in black and red ink

Some of the Hieratic is in black 𓆎𓅓 ink while some of it is in red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟. The red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 ink seems to symbolize either the beginning or the end 𓎼𓂋𓎛𓂝𓏛 of a spell 𓎛𓂓𓏛, or it could highlight a word for a noun that was considered “bad” in Egyptian culture. However, sometimes even “offering table 𓂝𓃀𓅡𓄿𓋃” could have been written/drawn in red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 and offering tables 𓂝𓃀𓅡𓄿𓋃 were not bad at all! So, some of the red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 ink seems kinda random.

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

@ancientegyptblog

Tags artifact, book of the dead, brooklyn museum

Egyptian Artifacts

Amun-Ra or Pharaoh Amenhotep III?

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date July 6, 2023

This quartzite statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 at the Brooklyn Museum is called “Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 or Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Amenhotep III 𓇳𓁧𓎠” and while small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩, it certainly gives us a lot to think about! I think that this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 is a representation of Amenhotep III 𓇳𓁧𓎠 for a couple of reasons!

Statue of Amun-Ra or Pharaoh Amenhotep III at the Brooklyn Museum

The first and most obvious reason are the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 on his chest ornament, which is on top of an elaborately carved broad collar 𓅱𓋴𓐍𓎺𓋝. While the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 are difficult to see in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏, here is the translation:

𓇳𓁧𓎠 – Nebmaatra (Amenhotep III’s throne name)

𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 – Amun-Ra

𓌸 – Beloved

So the full translation would be “Nebmaatra, Beloved of Amun-Ra.” This clearly labels the statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 as being of Amenhotep III 𓇳𓁧𓎠.

Me with the statue of Amun-Ra or Pharaoh Amenhotep III at the Brooklyn Museum

The statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 does have a some similarities to the representation of the god 𓊹 Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 too, especially the remnants of the crown on his head, which is the same two-plume crown 𓋛 that is characteristic of Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺.

Amenhotep III 𓇳𓁧𓎠 seems to have had a fascination with Amun-Ra 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺, and probably wanted to be depicted as him. Many Egyptologists wonder if Amenhotep III’s 𓇳𓁧𓎠 fascination with this solar deity was inspiration for his son 𓅭 Akhenaten’s 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 religious revolution.

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags amenhotep iii, amun ra, artifact, brooklyn museum, gods and goddesses

Blog

British Museum Trip

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date July 5, 2023

In July 2015, I was so lucky to go on a vacation to London with my whole family, including Nonno and Nonna! This trip was so special because it included an afternoon at the British Museum!

When our plane landed in London July 5th, we checked into the hotel and then rushed over to the British Museum because I literally couldn’t wait any longer to go. I had been waiting my whole life to go to the British Museum with my Nonno. It makes me both sad and happy to look back on these pictures because while I’m so incredibly grateful we all got to do this together, I’m so sad that it’ll never happen again.

The first book my Nonno ever gave me on Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 was Carol Andrews’ book on the British Museum. It was incredible to see these artifacts that I had been reading about for years in person. I cannot believe that this was eight years ago already. I wish I could go back in time and re-live this day because even though we were all exhausted, it was an incredible day.

These are my personal photographs and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags blog, british museum, nonno

Egyptian Artifacts

Ptolemaic Statue of Anubis

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date July 4, 2023

This wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 at the Brooklyn Museum is similar to the one I posted from the MET yesterday 𓋴𓆑𓇳! I love seeing “sister” pieces across museums!

Ptolemaic Statue of Anubis at the Brooklyn Museum

This piece is dated to the Late Period or Ptolemaic Period (c. 664-30 B.C.E.), which is when wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾𓏪 of Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 in this style became extremely popular! This piece was likely found at Saqqara, which in ancient Egyptian times was called Memphis 𓏠𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓉴𓊖.

I also love this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 because it is very similar to Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 determinative hieroglyph 𓃣 (which is my favorite hieroglyphic 𓊹𓌃𓏪 symbol) and it’s almost identical to the ‘recumbent jackal 𓃢” sign! The recumbent position is representative of him guarding the necropolis 𓋴𓈖𓊼 from high above on a hill 𓈎𓄿𓄿𓊎 or mountain 𓈋𓅳- as was his role as the god 𓊹 of cemeteries and mummification 𓋴𓂧𓐍𓅱𓐎.

Ptolemaic Statue of Anubis at the Brooklyn Museum

Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣, despite being associated with death 𓅓𓏏𓏱, was a very positive figure in Egyptian religion. In Egyptian mythology, he played the vital role in the mummification 𓋴𓂧𓐍𓅱𓐎 of the god 𓊹 Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 and weighed the heart 𓇋𓃀𓄣 of the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 against Maat’s 𓐙𓌴𓂣𓏏𓁦 feather 𓆄𓏺 in the Weighing of the Heart! In modern pop culture, Anubis is usually the “villain” when in reality he was a highly regarded and peaceful god 𓊹!

Basically, I love anything to do with Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣! Seeing a well preserved statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of him, or hieroglyphic 𓊹𓌃𓏪 symbols of his name 𓂋𓈖 in inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥 makes me really happy 𓄫𓏏𓄣 and excited. It’s like seeing an old friend 𓈘𓈇𓀀𓁐!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags anubis, artifact, brooklyn museum, gods and goddesses

Egyptian Artifacts

Wooden Statue of Anubis

This wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 is one of my favorites because the piece is in such good condition! The black 𓆎𓅓 paint 𓇨𓂋𓅱𓏭𓏸𓏦 is still clearly visible and the wood 𓆱𓏏𓏺 is so well preserved. Wood 𓆱𓏏𓏺 is an organic material, and even in the dry heat of the desert 𓅟𓂋𓏏𓈊 it can still break down over thousands 𓆼𓆼𓆼 of years! My Nonno always pointed out every wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 piece in a museum and told us how significant it was that the wood 𓆱𓏏𓏺 was preserved.

Wooden Statue of Anubis at the MET

This particular Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 piece is dated to the Ramesside Period, which was during the 19th-20th Dynasties of the New Kingdom. This style of statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 depicting Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 actually became very popular during the Ptolemaic Period, and there is a piece similar to this in the Brooklyn Museum too!

This statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 shows Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 in his jackal 𓊃𓄿𓃀𓃥 form. The recumbent position is representative of him guarding the necropolis 𓋴𓈖𓊼 from high above on a hill 𓈎𓄿𓄿𓊎 or mountain 𓈋𓅳- as was his role as the god 𓊹 of cemeteries and mummification 𓋴𓂧𓐍𓅱𓐎. One of his titles which is “Lord of the Sacred Land 𓎟𓂦𓈊,” exemplifies and highlights this role. The “sacred land” mentioned in this title is another way to say “necropolis 𓋴𓈖𓊼!”

Wooden Statue of Anubis at the MET

Another one of Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 titles is “upon his hill/mountain 𓁶𓏺𓈋𓆑” and this hieroglyphic 𓊹𓌃𓏪 phrase usually follows his name 𓂋𓈖 in dedication texts! Again, this is representative of Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 role as protector 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜 of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱; he was always standing watch from above!

An inscription 𓎘𓅱𓎖 would look like this: “𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣𓁶𓏺𓈋𓆑𓎟𓂦𓈊” which translates to “Anubis, Upon His Hill, Lord of the Sacred Land.”

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags anubis, artifact, gods and goddesses, the met

Reading Hieroglyphs

To Be and To Exist

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date July 2, 2023

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to look at the Middle Egyptian word for “To Be” and “To Exist.” This simple yet important phrase appears a lot in inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥!

One of the most important phrases you will learn in any language is the verb “to be.” I remember when I first started learning Italian as a small kid, “essere” was one of the first verbs we learned!

To Be and To Exist written in raised relief on the wall of a chapel from the 19th Dynasty currently on display at the MET.

The word “To Be,” and “To Exist” is written in Middle Egyptian as “𓃹𓈖𓈖,” which is what is shown in the relief pictured. The word can also be commonly written as just “𓃹𓈖” or “𓃹” if spacing becomes an issue! The word would be transliterated as “wnn 𓃹𓈖𓈖” or “wn 𓃹𓈖/𓃹.” It was most likely pronounced the same no matter how many “𓈖” appeared or didn’t appear at the end of the word (remember, pronunciation is just inferred).

Let’s break down each of the symbols individually!

The “hare 𓃹” is normally used as a biliteral phonogram. The 𓃹 represents the sounds “wn.”

The “ripple of water 𓈖” is a uniliteral phonogram. The “𓈖” is associated with the sound of “n!” In this case, the 𓈖 is acting as the phonetic complement, meaning that the sounds are written twice but pronounced once! This is a very common occurrence in Middle Egyptian and is something that you need to just practice and get used to when you’re learning!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags hieroglyph lessons, hieroglyphs, the met

Egyptian Artifacts

Horus as a Falcon

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date June 30, 2023

The god 𓊹 Horus 𓅃𓀭 was one of the most important gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 in the Egyptian pantheon. One of Horus’ 𓅃𓀭 many roles was as a mythological representation of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻/heir to the throne of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. In this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾, Horus 𓅃𓀭 is depicted as a falcon 𓃀𓇋𓎡𓅄 wearing the combined crown 𓋖 which represents both the White Crown 𓄤𓋑 of Upper Egypt 𓇓 and the Red Crown 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓏏𓋔 of Lower Egypt 𓆤! Horus 𓅃𓀭 as a falcon 𓃀𓇋𓎡𓅄 was one of the most common ways he is represented in Egyptian art.

Horus as a Falcon on display at the MET

The Uraeus on the front 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗 of the crown is in amazing condition! A Uraeus 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗 is usually depicted as an upright snake 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆙 and is a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, and divine authority in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 – all characteristics usually associated with the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, and also the god 𓊹 Horus 𓅃𓀭!

Horus 𓅃𓀭 was also a sky 𓊪𓏏𓇯 god 𓊹. Horus’ 𓅃𓀭 name 𓂋𓈖 means “The Distant One,” due to him residing in the sky 𓊪𓏏𓇯!

Horus 𓅃𓀭 was the son 𓅭 of Isis 𓊨𓏏𓆇 and Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭 and will often be introduced in inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥 as such! For example, you could see “𓅃𓀭𓅭𓊨𓏏𓆇𓅭𓁹𓊨𓀭” on objects such as sarcophagi 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭𓏦!

Here are some variants of Horus’ name 𓂋𓈖:

𓅃𓀭 (the most common way to write his name)

𓅃

𓄑𓂋𓅆

𓅃𓅆

𓈐𓅃

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags artifact, gods and goddesses, horus, the met

Egyptian Artifacts

Soul of Pe

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date June 29, 2023

This bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 kneeling statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 of a falcon 𓃀𓇋𓎡𓅄 deity 𓊹 is referred to as the “Soul of Pe” and it is actually another way to depict the god 𓊹 Horus 𓅃𓀭. Also known as “Horus of Pe,” these bronze 𓈔𓏤𓈒𓏦 statues 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾𓏪 became popular during the Late Period, after 600 B.C.E.

Bronze Soul of Pe statue on display at the Brooklyn Museum

The Souls 𓂓𓂓𓂓 of Pe 𓊪𓊖 and Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 were first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts and are referred to as the ancestors of the pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏥. The Souls 𓂓𓂓𓂓 of Pe 𓊪𓊖 and Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 symbolized the predynastic rulers of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. The Souls 𓂓𓂓𓂓 of Pe 𓊪𓊖 and Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 were thought of as very powerful deities 𓊹𓊹𓊹 that not only aided the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏥, but also the current living 𓆣𓂋𓀀𓏪 pharaoh 𓉐𓉻.

Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 and Pe 𓊪𓊖 were both cities in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 and were around as early as the predynastic period. Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 was originally the cult center for the god 𓊹 Horus in Upper Egypt 𓇓, however, Pe a town in Lower Egypt 𓆤, was awarded to Horus 𓅃𓀭 by Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 after his eye was injured during his battle with Seth 𓊃𓏏𓄡𓁣 for the throne of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖.

In this particular statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾, Horus 𓅃𓀭/Soul of Pe 𓊪𓊖 is shown in a characteristic kneeling position with one arm raised, with the other resting on his chest. This is known as a “jubilation position,” which is meant to show the Soul of Pe 𓊪𓊖 celebrating the rising of the sun 𓆄𓅱𓇶. The Soul of Pe 𓊪𓊖 is usually represented as Horus 𓅃𓀭 the Falcon 𓃀𓇋𓎡𓅄, while the Soul of Nekhen 𓊔𓈖𓊖 is usually represented as a jackal 𓊃𓄿𓃀𓃥.

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags artifact, brooklyn museum, horus, soul of pe

Reading Hieroglyphs Video

Doorjamb of Rameses II – Video

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date June 28, 2023

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

@ancientegyptblog
Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! This large piece is referred to as a “Doorjamb from a Temple of Rameses II.” Basically, that means these blocks came from a gateway at a temple that was built in honor of one of Rameses II’s 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 royal jubilees. 𓆥 – King of Upper and Lower Egypt 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 – Usermaatre setep en Ra (Throne Name of Rameses II which translates to “The Justice of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra.”) 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 – Amun-Ra 𓎟𓎼𓎼𓎼𓇿𓇿 – Lord of the Thrones 𓌺 – Beloved 𓏙𓋹- Given Life So all together the inscription reads “King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermaatre, Beloved of Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones, Given Life.” Also Rameses III’s 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖 cartouches appear on this too on the bottom of the doorjamb – he clearly usurped this piece for his own use and didn’t change all of the cartouches! This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost. #ancientEgypt #egyptianhistory #egyptianmythology #ancientegyptblog #letsreadsomehieroglyphs #hieroglyphs #hieroglyphics #metropolitanmuseumofart #metmuseum #anticoegitto #egyptology
♬ original sound – ancientegyptblog Nicole Lesar

This large piece is referred to as a “Doorjamb from a Temple of Rameses II.” Basically, that means these blocks came from a gateway at a temple that was built in honor of one of Rameses II’s 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 royal jubilees.

𓆥 – King of Upper and Lower Egypt

𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖 – Usermaatre setep en Ra (Throne Name of Rameses II which translates to “The Justice of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra.”)

𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓏺 – Amun-Ra

𓎟𓎼𓎼𓎼𓇿𓇿 – Lord of the Thrones

𓌺 – Beloved

𓏙𓋹- Given Life

So all together the inscription reads “King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermaatre, Beloved of Amun-Ra, Lord of the Thrones, Given Life.”

Also Rameses III’s 𓇳𓄊𓁧𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖 cartouches appear on this too on the bottom of the doorjamb – he clearly usurped this piece for his own use and didn’t change all of the cartouches!

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags artifact, hieroglyph lessons, hieroglyphs, rameses ii, the met, video

Reading Hieroglyphs

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut (Part II)

Post author By ancientegyptblog7
Post date June 27, 2023

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to look at two 𓏻 more steatite 𓅮𓈎𓏏𓈒𓊌 scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪 from the Hatshepsut 𓇳𓁦𓂓/Thutmosis III 𓇳𓏠𓆣 era of the 18th Dynasty! Just like the scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪 we looked at yesterday 𓋴𓆑𓇳, these are also on display at the MET!

Steatite Scarabs of Hatshepsut on display at the MET

Alright so let’s get to the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!!!

These two 𓏻 steatite 𓅮𓈎𓏏𓈒𓊌 scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪 are interesting because while at first glance the inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥 look similar (and they are) they are also quite different! On them Hatshepsut 𓇳𓁦𓂓 is referred to as both “Lord of the Two Lands” and “Lady of the Two Lands.” Her throne name “Maatkare 𓇳𓁦𓂓” appears on both scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪.

Let’s look at the scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣 on the left!

𓇳𓁦𓂓 – Maatkare (Truth 𓁦 is the Soul 𓂓 of Re 𓇳)

𓎟 – Lord

𓇿𓇿 – Two Lands

Let’s look at the scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣 on the right!

𓇳𓁦𓂓 – Maatkare (Truth 𓁦 is the Soul 𓂓 of Re 𓇳)

𓎟𓏏 – Lady

𓇾𓇾 – Two Lands

In order to make nouns feminine in Middle Egyptian, a “𓏏” is added to the end of the word so “Lord 𓎟” becomes “Lady 𓎟𓏏.” This is significant in this case because on these scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪, there’s a mix of both when it comes to Hatshepsut 𓇳𓁦𓂓! From the early to mid part of her reign, Hatshepsut’s 𓇳𓁦𓂓 statuary contained inscriptions more commonly with the feminine form of the words. Towards the end of her reign 𓋾𓈎𓏏 she started using the masculine form of words.

You can also see the two 𓏻 different variants used for “two lands” (𓇿𓇿 vs. 𓇾𓇾 )on the scarabs 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣𓏪! These two 𓏻 variants were pretty much used interchangeably so not much to analyze in this case!

Read Part I Here!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.

Tags artifact, hatshepsut, hieroglyph lessons, hieroglyphs, the met

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