Category: Reading Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! 

Priests 𓊹𓍛𓏪 and the Priesthood 𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏏𓏭𓇼𓀀 were important roles in Egyptian society because religion was so central to life 𓋹𓈖𓐍 and death 𓅓𓏏𓏱 in ancient Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. However, priests 𓊹𓍛𓏪 did not preach to the public – their main role was to care for the gods 𓊹𓊹𓊹 in the temples. The priesthood 𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏏𓏭𓇼𓀀 was established during the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 B.C.E.) and became more developed during the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 B.C.E.). The Sem Priests 𓋴𓅓 ceased to exist in the New Kingdom forward. 

Throughout inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥, we are used to seeing the word for priest/high priest as “𓊹𓍛” which literally translates to “God’s Servant.” However, in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, there were special priests 𓊹𓍛𓏪 who were referred to as “Sem” 𓋴𓅓 priests.

The Sem Priests 𓋴𓅓 were the priests who were responsible for the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 𓄋𓏏𓂋𓏺. The Sem Priests 𓋴𓅓 performed this while dressed in leopard 𓍋𓃀𓇌𓃮 skin robes, and this ceremony is what allowed the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 to be able to speak, see, hear, eat and drink in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. The Sem Priests 𓋴𓅓 were also responsible for mummification 𓋴𓂧𓐍𓅱𓐎; so they embalmed the corpse and recited all of the spells 𓎛𓂓𓏛𓏦 while wrapping the mummy 𓇋𓁹𓅱𓀾. 

The word we see here in the inscription, 𓋴𓅓𓎡, is a title that the Sem Priests 𓋴𓅓 had, and can even be a variant way to write just Sem Priest 𓋴𓅓. 

Sem Priest 𓋴𓅓 can also be written with a determinative, and can be spelled as: 𓋴𓅓𓀀, 𓋴𓅓𓀙, 𓋴𓅓𓀼. 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪! 

Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to look at a word that sometimes pops up in inscriptions 𓏟𓏛𓏥! These hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 are from a Middle Kingdom relief which is dated to the reign 𓋾𓈎𓏏 of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Montuhotep II 𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓊵𓏏𓊪 (c. 2010-2000 B.C.E.). 

This simple word (or phrase in English) “𓈖𓈖𓎡” could mean either “belongs to me,” “mine,” or “on my part.” 

The “ripple of water 𓈖” is a uniliteral phonogram sign, which means it has the sound of a single consonant. The “𓈖” is associated with the sound of “n!” The 𓈖 has many grammatical functions on its own, and it can mean “to,” “of,” “for,” “we/us/our,” “in,” “because,” “through,” and some others! How do we know which word it is? Context clues! 

The “Basket with a Handle 𓎡” symbol is also a uniliteral phonogram that has the sound of “k.” A lot of people get this one confused with just the “basket 𓎟” symbol which is a biliteral phonogram that has the sound “nb.” These are very different symbols with different meanings so try not to confuse the two!

Another way to write “𓈖𓈖𓎡” in hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 is “𓈖𓈖𓎡𓇋𓀀,” which is a more uncommon variant. 

This very simple limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 sarcophagus 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭 from the reign of Montuhotep II 𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓊵𓏏𓊪 (Dynasty 11, c. 2051–2030 B.C.E.) and belonged to a priestess 𓊹𓍛 of Hathor 𓉡 named Henhenet 𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏. This is one of my favorite pieces to see at the MET specifically because of the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 that the sarcophagus has inscribed on it! 

This sarcophagus 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭 shows the standard offering formula, the name 𓂋𓈖of the deity 𓊹, and the titles associated with that deity 𓊹. This standard way of writing the offering formula is extremely common, and if you know it, you will be able to recognize it anywhere!

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪:

𓇓𓏏𓊵𓏙𓇋𓈖𓊪𓃣𓁶𓏺𓈋𓆑𓇋𓏶𓅱𓏏𓐎𓎟𓇾𓂦

𓇓𓏏𓊵𓏙 An Offering the King Gives 

𓇋𓈖𓊪𓃣 – Anubis

𓁶𓏺𓈋𓆑 – Upon his Hill/Mountain

𓇋𓏶𓅱𓏏𓐎- He Who is in the Mummy Wrappings (can also be written as 𓇋𓏶𓅱𓏏𓐎𓊖)

𓎟𓇾𓂦 – Lord of the Sacred Land

Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 held many important titles, all of which signify how important he was to not only embalming, but to all aspects of a person’s death 𓅓𓏏𓏱. The title “Upon His Hill/Mountain 𓁶𓏺𓈋𓆑” references the cliff that usually surrounded necropolises, which Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 would preside over. The title “He who is in the mummy wrappings 𓇋𓏶𓅱𓏏𓐎𓊖“ signifies Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 role in the mummification process, which is what he is most known for. “Lord of the Sacred Land 𓎟𓇾𓂦” refers to the necropolis or cemeteries that Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 would guard. 

While this sarcophagus 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭 contains a lot of Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓃣 titles, one that does not appear on this sarcophagus 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭 is “Lord of the Necropolis 𓎟𓇾𓂦𓈊.”

Also, Anubis’ name 𓂋𓈖 is shortened here and is missing a symbol: it is written as 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓃣 instead of 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣! I see this a lot with Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 name 𓂋𓈖, and it is done to save space! 

Here is the second 𓏌𓏻 part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥!

𓈎𓂋𓌠𓋴𓁀𓉬𓄤𓄤𓆑𓂋𓏏𓅓𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓋴𓈖𓊼𓉓𓐍𓂋𓃣𓏅𓊹𓉱

𓈎𓂋𓌠𓋴𓁀𓉬 – Burial (I don’t have the composite hieroglyph on the sarcophagus so I used the two symbols here)

𓄤𓆑𓂋𓏏- Good 

𓅓 – In Her

𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐 – Tomb 

𓋴𓈖𓊼 – Necropolis

𓉓 – A Voice Offering 

𓐍𓂋 – Before

𓃣 – Anubis 

𓏅 – In Front At 

𓊹𓉱 – God’s Booth (Shrine for Anubis)

So all 𓎟 together 𓈖𓊗, the second 𓏌𓏻 part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 reads: “A good burial in her tomb of the necropolis with a voice offering before Anubis, in front at the god’s booth…”

The first 𓏅 part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 (from yesterday’s post) contains a lot about Anubis 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣, and this second part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 continues with that theme! Here we can see Anubis’ 𓃣 title “In Front at the God’s Booth 𓏅𓊹𓉱” in which “God’s Booth 𓊹𓉱” refers to a shrine specifically dedicated to Anubis 𓃣 himself! This second 𓏌𓏻 part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 also only uses the determinative symbol of “𓃣” to spell out Anubis’ 𓇋𓈖𓊪𓅱𓃣 name 𓂋𓈖! 

Here is the third part of the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥:

𓊹𓉱𓈖𓇋𓌳𓄪𓐍𓇌𓏏𓇓𓏏𓆭𓌡𓏏𓏏𓉡𓊹𓍛𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏𓐙𓅱𓏏𓊤

𓊹𓉱 – God’s Booth (Shrine for Anubis)

𓈖𓇋- For The/By The

𓌳𓄪𓐍𓇌𓏏 – Venerated/Revered

𓇓 – King 

𓏏𓆭𓌡𓏏𓏏 – Sole Ornament 

𓉡 – Hathor

𓊹𓍛 – High Priestess

𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏 – Henhenet

𓐙𓅱𓏏𓊤 – True of Voice

The title “Sole Ornament of the King 𓇓𓏏𓆭𓌡𓏏𓏏” carried a lot of prestige, but no real responsibility or authority! The word “sole” in this case does not mean “unique” as we would define it in English, but rather signified a high social rank. Henhenet’s 𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏 true role was as a High Priestess 𓊹𓍛 of Hathor 𓉡, which is why she was able to be buried in a sarcophagus 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭! 

I also love how Henhenet’s 𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏 name 𓂋𓈖 is spelled because it is very phonetic – 𓉔 = h, 𓈖 = n, and 𓏏 = t so when we add in the “soft e” to make it pronounceable to us modern people, we get Henhenet 𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏! There’s also no determinative here, and her name could have also possibly been written as 𓉔𓈖𓉔𓈖𓏏𓁐!