Category: Reading Hieroglyphs

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut

A couple of weeks ago I asked on my Instagram if there was an object people wanted to see more of, and someone suggested the Maned Sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­ of Hatshepsut 𓇳𓁦𓂓, so here it is!Β 

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut
I took a selfie with the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut!

Pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 were commonly represented as sphinxes π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­π“¦ in ancient Egyptian art for many reasons. A sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­ is a mythical creature that has the body of a lion π“Œ³π“Ήπ“„Ώπ“„› and the head of a human. In ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, lions π“Œ³π“Ήπ“„Ώπ“„›π“ͺ have been associated with kingship π“‡“π“‡Œ since prehistoric times due to their strength π“Œ€ and ferocity. The sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­ was the perfect representation of the strength π“Œ€ of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 due to its lion π“Œ³π“Ήπ“„Ώπ“„› body, while the face still preserved the image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 of the king 𓇓 himself/herself.Β 

A closeup of the hieroglyphs on the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut.

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

(𓇳𓁦𓂓) – Maatkare

π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– – Amun

π“ŒΊπ“π“‡Œ – Beloved

𓋹𓏏𓏙- Life Given

𓆖 – Eternity

β€œMaatkare, Beloved of Amun, Given Life for Eternity.”

I know this is strange, but β€œGiven Life” is actually written backwards! It should be β€œπ“™π“‹Ήβ€ not β€œπ“‹Ήπ“™β€ as it’s written (this inscription is read from right to left, because that’s the way the directional symbols are pointing). 

There’s also an added 𓏏, which makes it the feminine form! There’s a second sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­π“€ just like this one in the Cairo Museum, and on that sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­π“€, there is no added 𓏏! Why would one sphinx π“Ž›π“…±π“ƒ­π“€ use the feminine form and one use the masculine?! We will probably never know!Β 

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut
The hieroglyphs on the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut with their English translation next to them!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

“Everything Perfect and Pure Which a God Lives On” 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at an inscription π“Ž˜π“…±π“Ž– that appears along the top line on a Middle Kingdom era coffin π“‹΄π“…±π“Ž›π“π“†±! This phrase does appear pretty frequently across funerary equipment (stelae, coffin) so it is definitely a good one to know! 

We will start reading the inscription π“Ž˜π“…±π“Ž– on the right since the directional symbols point to the right!Β 

Everything Perfect and Pure Which a God Lives On
The phrase “Everything Perfect and Pure Which a God Lives On” on a Middle Kingdom era sarcophagus

This is the full phrase: π“π“π“Š΅π“¦π“ŽŸπ“„€π“ƒ‚π“π“‹Ήπ“π“ŠΉπ“‡‹π“…“. Let’s break down each word! 

π“π“π“›π“¦π“ŽŸ – Everything 

π“„€ – Perfect/Beautiful/Good

𓃂𓏏 – Pure

𓋹𓏏 – Life/Live

π“ŠΉ – God

𓇋𓅓- On (In, There, Among, etc.) 

So all π“ŽŸ together π“ˆ–π“Š—, the phrase translates to: β€œEverything perfect and pure which a god lives on.” 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Name in Hieroglyphs

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the word for β€œname π“‚‹π“ˆ–β€ in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ and the religious/cultural significance that a person’s name had in ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–!Β 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

Name in Hieroglyphs
The word “Name” in Hieroglyphs as depicted on a relief in an Old Kingdom tomb

In order to exist, a person needed to have five 𓏾 essential elements: the body π“Ž›π“‚π“„Ό, the shadow 𓆄𓏏𓅱𓋼, the Ba 𓅑𓏀, the Ka (soul/life force) 𓂓𓏀, and most importantly, the name π“‚‹π“ˆ–. Without a name π“‚‹π“ˆ–, the other four elements could not exist!

When a person’s name π“‚‹π“ˆ– was written in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ, it meant that the person would live π“‹Ή forever π“Ž›π“‡³π“Ž›. The visual representation of a person’s name π“‚‹π“ˆ– had the power to give the person eternal 𓆖 life π“‹Ή. This is why pharaohs wanted their name π“‚‹π“ˆ– on as many monuments as possible – their name π“‚‹π“ˆ– in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ had immense power! 

This ancient belief about a person’s name π“‚‹π“ˆ– having such significance is why I feel like I need to write about my Nonno and speak about him. My entire page is dedicated to his memory, and I feel like sharing his name π“‚‹π“ˆ– and image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 helps me to keep him alive even though he is no longer here. 

Let’s break down each of the symbols! 

The β€œmouth 𓂋” symbol functions most commonly as a uniliteral phonogram and is used to represent the sound β€œr.” It can also be used as an ideogram for the word β€œmouth 𓂋𓏺.” 

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is a phonogram sign, and it functions as a uniliteral sign. The β€œπ“ˆ–β€ is associated with the sound of β€œn!” The π“ˆ– has many grammatical functions on its own, and it can mean β€œto,” β€œof,” β€œfor,” β€œwe/us/our,” β€œin,” β€œbecause,” β€œthrough,” and some others!Β 

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Sistrums with Hathor

Music π“‰”π“‡Œπ“†Έ and musicians were highly regarded in ancient Egyptian culture. I love music π“‰”π“‡Œπ“†Έ, and music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ is something that I cannot live without! This is a sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£, which is a musical instrument from ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– that is similar to a modern rattle or tambourine.Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A faience sistrum with Hathor from the Ptolemaic Period

Since Hathor 𓉑 was the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ, she was portrayed on most sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ in her human form! However, even though Hathor 𓉑 is represented as a woman π“Šƒπ“π“‚‘π“π“, she is recognized easily because of her characteristic cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 ears!Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A closeup view of the sistrum with Hathor’s face! See if you can spot her cow ears!

I love these two sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ pictured below because while they are both from the Ptolemaic Period, they look so different! One of the sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ is made of blue 𓇅𓆓𓏛 faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό while the other is made of silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰.Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A blue faience sistrum (front) and a silver sistrum (back) both with Hathor’s face on it from the Ptolemaic Period.

Fun fact: in ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰ was actually considered to be more valuable because it was harder to obtain through trade! Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– does not naturally have a lot of silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰!

The silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰ sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£ has hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on the handle, however they are very hard to read due to cracks and natural wear. The blue 𓇅𓆓𓏛 faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό one has hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ that are much easier to read! 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

𓅭𓇳 – Son of Ra

π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“ˆπ“ˆ – Lord of Appearances

π“Šͺπ“π“―π“ƒ­π“π“‡Œπ“‹΄ – Ptolemaios (Ptolemy I)

π“‹Ή – Life

𓏇 – Like

𓇳𓏺 – Ra 

π“Ž›π“‡³π“Ž› – Eternity

𓆖 – Eternity

When π“Ž›π“‡³π“Ž› and 𓆖 are used in the same phrase, it’s usually translated as β€œEverlasting Eternity” instead of β€œEternity Eternity.” 

Another way to write β€œLord of Appearances” is like this – π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯ – using three strokes β€œπ“₯” instead of repeating the β€œsun over the horizon π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“ˆπ“ˆβ€ hieroglyph three times! Both of these ways are the correct way to write the phrase, however the three strokes β€œπ“₯” is usually used more because it takes up less space! 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

“To Rule” in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at theΒ  word β€œπ“·π“Ά,” which has a bunch of different (but seemingly related) meanings in Middle Egyptian!Β 

To Rule
“To Rule” in raised relief from a Middle Kingdom relief at the MET

Here is a list of some of the meanings of the word β€œπ“·π“Άβ€: 

-To Rule

-Who is Upon

-Nomarch (kind of like a governor who was appointed by the pharaoh)

-Governor (this would be a more modern interpretation of the word) 

-Leader

-Magician

Let’s take a closer look at the two symbols which comprise this word! 

The β€œface 𓁷” symbol is a biliteral phonogram for the sound αΈ₯r and is an ideogram for the word β€œface.” 

The β€œhead 𓁢” symbol is a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œtp” and is an ideogram/determinative for the word β€œhead.”

So all together the word β€œπ“·π“Άβ€ would have a sound value of β€œαΈ₯r-tp.”

The β€œface 𓁷” symbol is always fascinating to see because it’s artistically different from most of the other 750+ hieroglyphic symbols. The β€œface 𓁷” symbol is so different because it is a front view of a face instead of a profile view. Most ancient Egyptian art is done in profile, so this symbol really stands out to me amongst other hieroglyphic symbols.  

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.Β 

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Statue of Cleopatra VII

I’m going to make my first post of 2024 about one of my Nonno’s absolute favorite people from Egyptian history – Cleopatra VII! Even though Cleopatra VII π“ˆŽπ“ƒ­π“‡‹π“―π“Šͺ𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 was Greek, she is considered to be the last pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–.Β 

Cleopatra VII

One of the interesting features about this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 is that on her forehead there are three Uraei 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗π“ͺ instead of the standard two! During the Ptolemaic Period, rulers π“ˆŽπ“π“‹Ύπ“ͺ had three Uraei 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗π“ͺ on their forehead, with the third possibly representing the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯. 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! The cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· seen on the shoulder is actually a later addition and not an original part of the statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾, so Egyptologists do not know if this statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 was originally meant to represent Cleopatra VII π“ˆŽπ“ƒ­π“‡‹π“―π“Šͺ𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇!Β 

Cleopatra VII

The picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 above shows the birth name cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· of Cleopatra VII π“ˆŽπ“ƒ­π“‡‹π“―π“Šͺ𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇! Since Cleopatra VII π“ˆŽπ“ƒ­π“‡‹π“―π“Šͺ𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 was Greek and not native Egyptian, this cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· of hers is very phonetic – most of the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ used are uniliteral signs, which means that they correspond to a single sound, just like a letter in the alphabet.

This statue 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓀾 is made out of limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ and is dated to the Ptolemaic Period (200-30 B.C.E.). 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.Β 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Lord of the Sacred Land

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the significance of the epithet β€œLord of the Sacred Land π“ŽŸπ“‡Ύπ“‚¦.”

An epithet is almost like a title, except it comes after a name π“‚‹π“ˆ– instead of before it! The epithet β€œLord of the Sacred Land π“ŽŸπ“‡Ύπ“‚¦β€ (some also translate it as β€œLord of the Necropolis), will commonly follow the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the god π“ŠΉ Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 in inscriptions! This phrase is representative of Anubis’ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 role as protector π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ of the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱! The β€œsacred land” that is being referred to is actually the tombs/cemeteries for the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱!

Lord of the Sacred Land
“Lord of the Sacred Land” painted on a Middle Kingdom sarcophagus

Let’s break down the phrase!
π“ŽŸ – Lord
𓇾 – Land
𓂦 – Sacred

This phrase gives us a nice and simple look at Middle Egyptian sentence structure! In Middle Egyptian, the adjectives follow the noun hence why it reads β€œlord land sacred” instead of β€œLord Sacred Land.” In English, the adjective comes before the noun in a sentence!

Let’s take a closer look at each of the symbols!

The β€œbasket π“ŽŸβ€ symbol is a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œnb” which is thought to have been pronounced like β€œneb.” The π“ŽŸ alone can also mean the common words β€œLord,” β€œPossessor,” and β€œAll.”

The β€œstrip of land with sand 𓇾” symbol is an ideogram for land, Earth and world. It is also a biliteral phonogram for the sound β€œt3” and can be a determinative in the word β€œeternity 𓆖.”

The β€œforearm with brush 𓂦” symbol is both an ideogram and determinative for β€œsacred” and is associated with the sound β€œαΈsr.”

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Montuhotep II’s Birth Name

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today we are going to be looking at the birth name cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· for the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Montuhotep II π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ!

Montuhotep II’s π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ name is a combination of two different Middle Egyptian words! Let’s break down the two words:

π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…± – Montu (𓏠 – mn) (π“ˆ– – n) (𓍿- t) (π“…± – u/w)
π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ – Hotep (π“Š΅ – htp) (𓏏 – t) (π“Šͺ – p)

Montu π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…± refers to of the falcon π“ƒ€π“‡‹π“Ž‘π“…„ headed god π“ŠΉ of war who was mainly worshipped 𓇼𓄿𓀒 in Thebes π“Œ€π“π“Š–. The word β€œhotep/htp π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ” translates to the word β€œsatisfied” or β€œcontent.” The word β€œhotep/htp π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ” can also mean β€œoffering” or β€œpeace!” The name π“‚‹π“ˆ– Montuhotep π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ means β€œMontu is satisfied” or β€œMontu is content.”

Montuhotep II
The birth name cartouche of the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Montuhotep II

Let’s take a closer look at the symbols!

The β€œπ“  game board and pieces” is a biliteral phonogram. The β€œ 𓏠” is associated with the sound β€œmn” which could be pronounced like β€œmen,” β€œmun,” β€œmon,” etc.

The β€œripple of water π“ˆ–β€ is a uniliteral phonogram associated with the sound of β€œn!” Here it is a phonetic complement!

The β€œπ“Ώ hobble/tie” is a uniliteral phonogram sign associated with the sounds of β€œαΉ―β€ or β€œt.”

The β€œQuail Chick 𓅱” is uniliteral phonogram that is representative of the sound w/u.

The β€œbread loaf on mat π“Š΅β€ symbol is a triliteral phonogram for the sound β€œαΈ₯tp” and is also an ideogram for β€œoffering slab” which is also associated with the sound β€œαΈ₯tp.”

The β€œflat loaf of bread 𓏏” is a uniliteral phonogram used to represent the sound β€œt.” Here it is a phonetic complement!

The β€œstool π“Šͺ” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram for the sound β€œp.” Here it is a phonetic complement!

Read about Montuhotep II’s Throne Name in this post!

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Montuhotep II’s Throne Name – Nebhapetra

Let’s read some Hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! Today we are going to be looking at the throne name cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· for the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Montuhotep II! While Montuhotep π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ is his birth name π“‚‹π“ˆ–, the cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· we are looking at in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 is his throne name π“‚‹π“ˆ–, which is β€œNebhapetra π“‡³π“ŽŸπ“Š€.”

Nebhapetra
The throne name cartouche of Montuhotep II which reads “Nebhapetra”

Let’s look even closer at the individual glyphs!
𓇳 – Ra
π“ŽŸ – β€œNeb” (nb)
π“Š€ – β€œHapet” (αΈ«rw or αΈ₯jpt)

The β€œπ“‡³ sun disc” symbol is an ideogram for β€œra” or β€œre,” but can also be a determinative in words such as sun 𓆄𓅱𓇳, today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³, and for words associated with time. The single symbol alone (like in cartouches) would be pronounced like β€œra” or β€œre.” Re is written first but pronounced last due to β€œhonorific transposition” – the name of the god is written first out of respect.

The β€œπ“Ž  basket” is a biliteral phonogram symbol that has the sound of β€œnb,” which is inferred to be pronounced like β€œneb.” The π“ŽŸ alone can also mean the common words β€œLord,” β€œPossessor,” and β€œAll.”

The β€œoar π“Š€β€ symbol is a triliteral phonogram or an ideogram. As a triliteral it represents the sound β€œαΈ«rw,” and as an ideogram for β€œoar” it represents the sound β€œαΈ₯jpt” which is the sound used in this case!

So all π“ŽŸ together his name π“‚‹π“ˆ– means β€œPossessor of the Oar of Ra.”
𓇳 – Ra
π“ŽŸ – Possessor
π“Š€ – Oar

This raised relief is originally from Montuhotep II’s π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. This relief was part of one of the main areas of the temple π“‰Ÿπ“π“‰ that was added at the end of Montuhotep’s π“ π“ˆ–π“Ώπ“…±π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ reign π“‹Ύ. This dates the relief to c. 2010–2000 B.C.E. (Middle Kingdom, Dynasty 11).

Read about Montuhotep II’s Birth Name in this post!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Pharaoh Khufu in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some Hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to be looking at the cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“· of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Khufu 𓐍𓅱𓆑𓅱!

A lot of people know him by the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– β€œCheops,” which is the Greek version of his name π“‚‹π“ˆ–. However, when you read his cartouche π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“·, it is very clear that his name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is Khufu 𓐍𓅱𓆑𓅱! Khufu 𓐍𓅱𓆑𓅱 is best known for constructing the Great Pyramid at Giza!

Pharaoh Khufu in Hieroglyphs
The name of the Pharaoh Khufu in Hieroglyphs

Let’s break down the meaning of the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– β€œKhufu 𓐍𓅱𓆑𓅱,” which means β€œHe Protects Me.”
𓐍𓅱 – Protects
𓆑 – He
π“…± – Me/I

The β€œplacenta or sieve 𓐍” symbol is a uniliteral phonogram and is associated with the sound β€œαΈ«β€ which is kind of like a β€œk” sound. This symbol is actually considered β€œunclassified” because Egyptologists actually don’t know what it exactly represents!

The β€œQuail Chick 𓅱” is a super popular symbol! It is a uniliteral phonogram that is representative of the sound w/u and sometimes functions as an ideogram. It mostly appears as a uniliteral phonogram and is one of the hieroglyphs that appears the most in inscriptions!

The β€œhorned viper 𓆑” functions as a uniliteral phonogram and represents the sound β€œf.” In other words, it can function as a determinative. It can also be the pronoun β€œhe/him.”

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