โCleopatraโs Needleโ aka the Obelisk ๐ถ in Central Park is one of the most beautiful ๐ค๐๐ sights in Manhattan!
Cleopatra’s Needle in Central Park
This obelisk ๐ถ (and another, which now resides in London) was not commissioned by Cleopatra VII ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐ช๐ฟ๐ง๐๐๐ฟ๐; in fact, it was commissioned by Thutmosis III ๐ณ๐ ๐ฃ during his 18th Dynasty reign. The obelisks ๐ถ stood at the city of Heliopolis at one of Thutmosis IIIโs ๐ณ๐ ๐ฃ temples. The obelisk ๐ถ is made out of โAswan ๐ด๐น๐๐๐ฒ๐ granite ๐ ๐ณ๐๐ถโ which was the third most used rock ๐๐๐๐ by the ancient Egyptians!
Me with Cleopatra’s Needle in Central Park
When the obelisks were discovered by the Romans, they were moved from Heliopolis to Alexandria and placed at a temple ๐๐๐ dedicated to Julius Caesar. The temple ๐๐๐ was commissioned by Cleopatra VII ๐๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐ช๐ฟ๐ง๐๐๐ฟ๐, which is probably why the obelisks have the nickname โCleopatraโs Needle.โ
A closeup of me and Cleopatra’s Needle in Central Park!
The two obelisks were given by the Egyptian government as gifts; one is in London, and one is in Central Park in NYC! The obelisk is super close to the MET, so itโs great to go and see before or after your museum trip!
William the Hippo with the obelisk!
Iโm going to do another post about the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช on the obelisk ๐ถ, so here is the link to that post!
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When it comes to ancient Egypt ๐๐ ๐๐, Iโm obsessed with a couple of different things in particular: Hatshepsut ๐๐ ๐๐น๐๐๐๐ผ๐ช, Ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ, Anubis ๐๐๐ช๐ ฑ๐ฃ, and Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช! I love going to see the statues of Imhotep at the museum and my Nonno always made it into a game – #IFoundImhotepย
Me (and William) with the Statues of Imhotep on display at the MET
Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช was a real man that lived during Egyptโs ๐๐ ๐๐ third dynasty (around 2700 B.C.E.) during the reign ๐พ๐๐ of the pharaoh ๐๐ป Djoser ๐ฆ๐. While Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช is best known for being the architect of Djoserโs Step Pyramid (and Egyptโs first ever pyramid ๐๐ ๐๐ด), he was also a high priest ๐น๐ of Ra ๐ณ๐บ๐! After his death, Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช became one of the few non-royal Egyptians to be deified.ย
The Statues of Imhotep showing the quartzite one on the left and the bronze one on the right. The middle statue is a seated scribe and is not Imhotep.
There is not much that is known about Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช as a person while he was alive; most of what we know about Imhotep was written at the earliest 1,200 years after his death! Referred to as โSebayt ๐ด๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐๐โ in Middle Egyptian, these โinstructionsโ or โteachingsโ refer to Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช as a great physician and a writer! One text from the 20th Dynasty called โEulogy of Dead Writersโ even states โIs there another like Imhotep?โย
The bronze Imhotep statue. Most statues of Imhotep look like this one!
Most statues of Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช are made of bronze ๐๐ค๐๐ฆ (like you can see on the right side of this display) and are dated to the Ptolemaic Period, because that was when Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช was widely worshipped.ย
The quartzite statue of Imhotep. It is not common to see Imhotep in stone, so this piece is a treat to see on display at the MET.
The statue of Imhotep ๐๐ ๐ต๐๐ช on the left is so interesting because it is not made of bronze ๐๐ค๐๐ฆ – it is made of the metamorphic rock quartzite!ย
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This is the coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ and mummy ๐๐น๐ ฑ๐พ of a man named Ukhotep ๐๐ต๐๐ช. Ukhotep ๐๐ต๐๐ช lived during the 12th dynasty (Middle Kingdom) and he was the chief treasurer ๐จ๐ ฑ, which is why he probably received such gorgeous ๐ค funerary equipment ๐๐๐ด๐๐๐ญ.ย
The Mummy of Ukhotep on display at the MET
Ukhotep ๐๐ต๐๐ช had a wooden coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ inscribed with parts of the Coffin Texts, which were spells ๐๐๐๐ฆ that the deceased needed in order to gain magical powers in the afterlife ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐. This coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ and mummy ๐๐น๐ ฑ๐พ is very typical of the Middle Kingdom burials (not just because of the styles/materials used for both the coffin and mask) but because the mummy ๐๐น๐ ฑ๐พ was placed on his side inside of the wooden coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ, which allowed him to see out of the coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ through the eyes on the side!ย My Nonno always told me about this fact when I was little, and I was always fascinated by this funerary practice!
The Mummy of Ukhotep with hieroglyphs on his coffin! Learn how to read the hieroglyphs below!
Letโs read some hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช! Here is the inscription: ๐๐๐ต๐๐น๐จ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ณ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ป๐๐๐
Here is a breakdown of the inscription:
๐๐๐ต๐ – An Offering the King Gives
๐น๐จ – Osiris (his name is missing the determinative this time – usually itโs written as ๐น๐จ๐ญ)
๐ – Lord
๐๐ ๐๐๐ณ – Eternity
๐ – Foremost
๐๐ – of
๐๐๐๐ – Abydos
๐น๐ญ – God
๐ป – Great
๐ -Lord
๐๐ – Maat
Fun Fact: โ๐๐โ is also another way to spell the name of the goddess Neith but it can also mean โofโ and a bunch of other filler-type words!
The variant of โeternity ๐๐ ๐๐๐ณโ used in this inscription is very Middle Kingdom too – I rarely see this one used ever!! Usually the typical โ๐๐ณ๐โ is used!ย
The Mummy of Ukhotep with some of his other funerary equipment including his canopic jar case (near the head of the mummy)
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As part of my โUshabti Friendsโ series, I am teaching you how to look at the different characteristics of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ to show how unique and wonderful these pieces are! Today ๐๐๐๐ณ we are going to look at the ushabtis of the 19th Dynasty pharaoh ๐๐ป Seti I ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ !ย
Pharaoh Seti I ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ had an estimatedย 1000+ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช, however, only about 700 remain! Most of Seti Iโs ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช were wood ๐ฑ๐๐บ and when Giovanni Belzoni discovered Seti Iโs tomb ๐๐ซ๐๐ in the Valley of the Kings in 1917, he used a lot of the wooden ๐ฑ๐๐บ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช as torches (this fact still haunts me – it was also one of my Nonnoโs favorite stories to tell). Anytime Seti I came up in conversation my Nonno would say โcan you believe some idiots used his ushabtis as torches??!!โ
Besides the tragic wooden ๐ฑ๐๐บ ushabtis, Seti I ๐ช๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ธ๐ had many faience ๐ฃ๐๐๐ธ๐ผ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช. His faience ๐ฃ๐๐๐ธ๐ผ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช are such a beautiful ๐ค blue ๐๐น๐๐ฟ๐ธ๐ฅ color and are inscribed with the Shabti Spell in hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช.
Some of the wooden ๐ฑ๐๐บ ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช contain hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช as well, however, the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช are better preserved on some pieces better than others because wood ๐ฑ๐๐บ will naturally deteriorate over time due to the nature of the organic materials.
So how can we tell these are ushabtis of Seti I from the 19th Dynasty?
The ushabtis were found in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings
The ushabtis are inscribed with his throne name (๐ณ๐ฆ๐ ) and birth name (๐ช๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ธ๐).
The ushabtis have characteristics of the 19th dynasty such as the faience ushabtis which are holding a hoe in each hand ๐ธ (typical of 18th-25th dynasties)
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย
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As part of my โUshabti Friendsโ series, I am teaching you how to look at the different characteristics of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ and how those characteristics can help you to narrow down the age/time period that the ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ is from! Today we are going to look at Royal 18th Dynasty Ushabtis!
All of the ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ we are going to look at today ๐๐๐๐ณ are royal ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that all belonged to pharaohs ๐๐ป๐ฆ from the 18th Dynasty! The 18th Dynasty is almost the โgolden ageโ of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ because these little guys undergo much development during this time period and have so many different characteristics!ย
The wooden ushabti of Amenhotep III
The wooden ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ of Amenhotep III ๐ณ๐ง๐ is very interesting because it has a very distinct characteristic of 18th Dynasty ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that is not just one found on royal ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ!
A closeup of the wooden ushabti of Amenhotep III to highlight where a hoe or other tools would have been placed in his hands!
There is a space in the hands where tools would have been inserted – such as a hoe ๐ธ. Tools that were attached separately were only found in the 18th Dynasty!
The Shabti Spell on the ushabti of Amenhotep III
The โShabti Spellโ is also on the ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ!ย
Limestone ushabti of Amenhotep II
The rock based ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ of Amenhotep II ๐๐ ๐๐ต๐๐ช and Akhenaten ๐๐๐๐ณ๐ ๐๐ are all seen holding Ankh symbols in their hands which are crossed over their chest in a mummiform fashion.
Ushabti of Akhenaten holding Ankhs in each hand
I have only seen royal ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ with Ankhs ๐น! I find this to be commentary on the religion because a deceased pharaoh ๐๐ป would not have to be doing work anyway – he probably was buried with ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ just in case! This is probably why some of the royal ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ have Ankhs ๐น and not tools!ย
Ushabti of Akhenaten holding Ankhs in each hand
These ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ also have false beards and are wearing some type of royal crown to distinguish that they are pharaohs ๐๐ป๐ฆ!
Ushabti of Akhenaten wearing a royal crown and false beard
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.
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Let me introduce you to another one of my Ushabti Friends – the Ushabti of Nebhor ๐๐ !
The Ushabti of Nebhor
This is one of my absolute favorite ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figures at the MET just because he is so adorable! This ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ is dated to the 21st-22nd dynasties and is made out of blue ๐๐น๐๐ฟ๐ธ๐ฅ faience ๐ฃ๐๐๐ธ๐ผ and has features and inscriptions ๐๐๐ฅ on it that are painted ๐๐ with black ๐๐ paint ๐จ๐๐ ฑ๐ญ๐ธ๐ฆ.
We can tell the age of this ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ just by looking at it! Letโs go through the process of narrowing down the age:
This ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ is holding a hoe ๐ธ in each hand, which is characteristic of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that were made from the 18th Dynasty to the 25th Dynasty!ย
This little guy is also holding a bag on his back (I donโt have a picture of that Iโm sorry), which narrows down the age from the 19th-23rd Dynasties!ย
This ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ is also wearing a headband, which is usually only found on ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that were made from the 21st-22nd Dynasties, which is the defining characteristic and allows us to really narrow down the age!ย
Since I canโt help myself, Letโs read some hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช!
๐ฉ๐น – The Osiris
๐๐ – Nebhor
๐๐ค – True of Voice
โThe Osiris ๐ฉ๐นโ part of the inscription means that Nebhor ๐๐ , through the process of mummification ๐ด๐ง๐๐ ฑ๐, becomes ๐ฃ like the god ๐น Osiris ๐ฉ๐น who is the main god ๐น of the dead. This means that Nebhor ๐๐ will live on in the Duat ๐ผ๐ฟ๐๐ (afterlife) just like Osiris ๐ฉ๐น has!
โTrue of Voice ๐๐คโ means that Nebhor ๐๐ has lived a just and true life! This phrase appears quite often amongst funerary objects!
The Ushabti of Nebhor on display at the MET
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As part of my โUshabti Friendsโ series, I am teaching you how to look at the different characteristics of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ and how those characteristics can help you to narrow down the age/time period that the ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ is from!
18th Dynasty Ushabtis at the Brooklyn Museum
Both of these ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that we are going to look at today ๐๐๐๐ณ are from the Brooklyn Museum! Both of these ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ are beautiful ๐ค๐๐ and unique and are dated to the same time period even though they look different and are made of different materials! In the first image, the ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ on the left is made of limestone ๐๐๐๐, while the painted ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ on the right is made of faience ๐ฃ๐๐๐ธ๐ผ.
Both of these ushabtis are dated to the 18th Dynasty, but how do we know? Letโs go through the process of narrowing down the age:
In each hand, both of the ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ are holding a hoe ๐ธ which is characteristic of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ that were made from the 18th Dynasty to the 25th Dynasty!ย
The real defining characteristic are the baskets that the ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ are holding in each hand – this is only found on ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ dated to the 18th Dynasty!
The Ushabti of Sati at the Brooklyn Museum (18th Dynasty Ushabtis)A closeup of the Ushabti of Sati holding a basket!
If you see a ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ and itโs holding a basket or a pot in each hand, it is an 18th Dynasty ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ!
Limestone ushabti at the Brooklyn MuseumA closeup of the limestone ushabti at the Brooklyn Museum which highlights the baskets that it is holding!
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย
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Today ๐๐๐๐ณ we are going to look at a very peculiar type of Ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figure that does not appear much! Iโve been wanting to write about this piece for so long so this series is the perfect opportunity!
A “Ushabti on a Bier”
These type of ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ are referred to as โUshabti on a Bierโ because they appear lying flat on a table like a mummy ๐๐น๐ ฑ๐พ. While there are not many of this type of ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ, there are similar (yet more elaborate) ones at the Museo Egizio in Torino, the Louvre in Paris and the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden.
There is actually no information about this piece on the MET website, but based on the piece and what I know about ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ, I am going to make some inferences here!
I am going to infer that this piece is dated to the 18th Dynasty for two reasons: the first is that the similar ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ located in other museums are all dated to the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) and the second is that this piece is in a gallery at the MET that contains New Kingdom era pieces!ย
The “Ushabti on a Bier” on display at the MET. This piece is shown amongst other artifacts dated to the 18th Dynasty!
This piece also seems to be made of limestone ๐๐๐๐, and was part of a non-royal but still wealthy personโs burial.
This โUshabti on a Bierโ that is pictured plus the ones in other museums donโt contain any hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช on them which is interesting because many ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ do contain hieroglyphic inscriptions ๐๐๐ฅ.
To me, the โUshabti on a Bierโ figures look like the wooden mummy ๐๐น๐ ฑ๐พ figures that would be placed on the wooden ๐ฑ๐๐บ model boats ๐ง๐ช๐๐๐ฅ that went in tombs ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ช during the Middle Kingdom.
These types of ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figures leave me with more questions than answers which to me is both fascinating and frustrating!
What was the purpose of these unique type of ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figures?ย
Why do all instances of these ushabtis not contain any hieroglyphs?ย
Were these ushabtis inspired by the wooden model boats of the Middle Kingdom?
Why are all examples of these only dated to the 18th Dynasty, and why did they stop being made?
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย
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This is the first post in a new series I am doing called “Ushabti Friends,” which aims to educate on the fascinating funerary objects called Ushabtis!
There are so many different types of ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figures! Today, we are going to start off with the first known ushabti ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ figure which is called a “wax ushabti”
Before ushabtis ๐ท๐ฟ๐ฏ๐๐๐ฎ๐พ๐ช we know and love evolved in the 12th Dynasty, wax ๐ ๐๐๐ธ๐ฆ figurines that looked like humans (and had their own mini coffins ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ๐ฆ) were placed in tombs ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ช with the deceased ๐ ๐๐ฑ! They are known to Egyptologists as โwax ushabtis.โ
These precursor-ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช were made of beeswax and beeswax was said to have magical ๐๐๐ฟ๐ powers of protection ๐ ๐๐ก๐, resurrection, and regeneration.
The figures are somewhat detailed and were wrapped in a linen cloth ๐ฑ and placed in the mini-coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ. The coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ did not identify any role or jobs that the figure had (like the text on a ushabti ๐ท๐ฟ๐ฏ๐๐๐ฎ๐พ could identify what itโs job was), but it did identify the name ๐๐ of the deceased ๐ ๐๐ฑ. Sometimes even the standard Offering Formula (๐๐๐ต๐ an offering the king gives) appeared on the mini-coffin ๐ด๐ ฑ๐๐๐ฑ as if it were a real one!
If these figures werenโt workers, then what was their purpose? It is thought that this figure would take the place of the body should the body of the deceased ๐ ๐๐ฑ be destroyed.
Not many of these โwax ushabtisโ have been found, especially in comparison to the amount of ushabtis ๐ท๐ฟ๐ฏ๐๐๐ฎ๐พ๐ช that have been found!
Ushabtis ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ๐ช evolved into the little worker figures we know today during the 12th Dynasty, but became very popular during the New Kingdom.
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย
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This section of a papyrus ๐ ๐๐๐ is from the โFunerary Papyrus of the Steward Sethnakhtโ which is dated to the Ramesside Period (New Kingdom c. 1320โ1200 B.C.E.). Sethnakht ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ was the tax master ๐๐๐ด๐ก (Iโm sure he was popular) and this high position is what allowed him to have such a gorgeous funerary papyrus ๐ ๐๐๐!
This entire papyrus ๐ ๐๐๐ is composed of what has been called Chapter 168 of the Book of the Dead ๐๐๐๐ป๐ ๐๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐บ๐ผ๐บ, otherwise known as the “Chapter of Offerings.โ However, most of the time this text is found alone and not with other parts of the Book of the Dead ๐๐๐๐ป๐ ๐๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐บ๐ผ๐บ (as is the case with this papyrus) and is considered now to be its own text and not necessarily a part of the Book of the Dead ๐๐๐๐ป๐ ๐๐๐ฒ๐ณ๐บ๐ผ๐บ.
Letโs read some hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช!
A section of the “Funerary Papyrus of the Steward Sethnakht”
The two sections of hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช point in two different directions; the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช above the Falcon headed god Osiris-Wennefer ๐น๐จ๐ญ๐๐น๐๐ค๐๐ point to the right while the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช above Sethnakht ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ point to the left. We are going to start with the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช above Osiris-Wennefer ๐น๐จ๐ญ๐๐น๐๐ค๐๐.ย
Here is the text all together: ๐๐๐๐๐น๐จ๐ญ๐๐น๐๐ค๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Here is the translation: โWords Spoken By Osiris-Wennefer, Foremost of the West.โ This is a super common introduction for a god in a funerary text. It also lets you know who is depicted in the images!ย
Before we read the next section of hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช, letโs take a look at some of the art! On his shoulder, Sethnakht ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ is holding the goddess Maat ๐๐ด๐ฃ๐๐ฆ while he is holding up his other hand in adoration of the god Osiris-Wennefer ๐น๐จ๐ญ๐๐น๐๐ค๐๐. Maat ๐๐ด๐ฃ๐๐ฆ is the goddess of truth ๐๐ด๐ฃ๐๐ and justice ๐๐ด๐ฃ๐๐๐ and we know itโs her because of the feather ๐ thatโs on her head!ย
Letโs read some hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช! We are going to be reading the hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช that are above Sethnakht ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ. These hieroglyphs ๐น๐๐ช point to the left so we will start reading them from the left!ย
Here is the text all together: ๐๐ผ๐ข๐๐น๐จ๐ญ๐๐๐๐๐๐น๐จ๐ญ๐ป๐๐๐๐๐๐ด๐ก๐๐๐ค๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ
Here are the individual phrases broken down:
๐๐ผ๐ข – Praise/Worship (should actually be written as โ๐ผ๐๐ขโ)
๐ – of
๐น๐จ๐ญ – Osiris
๐ – Foremost
๐๐๐๐ – West
๐น๐จ๐ญ – The Osiris
๐ป๐๐ – Great
๐ – the/of
๐๐๐ด๐ก – Tax Master
๐๐๐ค – Overseer
๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฝ – Sethnakht
Here is the translation: โPraise for Osiris, Foremost of the West, the Osiris, the Great Tax Master, the Overseer Sethnakht.โ
This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost.ย
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