Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“Life, Stability, and Strength” in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to be looking at a popular inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥! This inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 is on an ostracon, which is basically either a broken piece of limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 (in this case), pottery 𓏠𓈖𓇋𓏋, a rock 𓇋𓈖𓂋𓈙, etc. that was used for drawing/writing practice 𓋴𓅓𓄧𓏜. You can definitely tell that this was practice 𓋴𓅓𓄧𓏜 because you can still see the red 𓂧𓈙𓂋𓅟 grid lines on the limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉! The grid lines were really important because it allowed the artist to draw out the hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 evenly, so everything was the same size!

I have definitely spoken about this phrase before, but let’s take a closer look! 

𓋹 – Life 

𓊽 – Stability 

𓌀 – Strength 

The “sandal strap 𓋹” more commonly known as the “Ankh,” is a triliteral phonogram that has the sound “ˁnḫ” which would sound like “ankh.” Should it can be an ideogram for “sandal strap” and “mirror,” the “sandal strap 𓋹” is much more commonly seen as the word for “Life.” 

The “reed column 𓊽” more commonly known as the “Djed Pillar” is a biliteral phonogram that has the sound “ḏd” which sounds like “Djed.” It also functions as an ideogram for “Stability,” like in the inscription above. The Djed Pillar 𓊽 is thought to represent the spine of Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭. 

The “animal headed staff 𓌀” is a triliteral phonogram that represents the sounds “w3s,” which would probably be pronounced like “was.” The symbol functions as an ideogram for the word “staff,” but most of the time, you will see it represent the word “Strength.” 

This common phrase “𓋹𓊽𓌀” is seen everywhere, and a lot of the times appears as “𓏙𓋹𓊽𓌀 – Given Life, Stability and Strength” or “𓏙𓋹𓊽𓌀𓆖 – Given Life, Stability and Strength for Eternity.” This phrase was so popular because it held a lot of meaning in ancient Egyptian culture/religion! This phrase is almost like a blessing, ensuring that the person being spoken about in the inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 is all of these qualities! This phrase can be used with both the living 𓋹𓈖𓐍 and the dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱!

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“May He Be Foremost…” in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to be looking at an inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 from a Middle Kingdom relief from the reign 𓋾 of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Montuhotep II 𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓊵𓏏𓊪 (c. 2010-2000 B.C.E.). 

The inscription 𓏟𓏛𓏥 reads: 𓃺𓈖𓆑𓏅. Let’s break this down! 

𓃺𓈖 – Be (could also mean “Exist”) (sounds like “wn”)

𓆑 – He (sounds like “f”)

𓏅 – Foremost (could also be “In Front Of”)  (sounds like ḫnt)

So the translation of 𓃺𓈖𓆑𓏅 would be “May He Be Foremost…” or “May He Be In Front Of.” The name 𓂋𓈖 of a deity 𓊹 or other religious figure (such as soul 𓂓) would usually follow, but that part of the relief is cut off! 

By itself, the word “𓃺𓈖𓆑” can actually mean “to be glad” or “to be happy” – the last symbol at the end changes the meaning of the phrase! 

The word “foremost 𓏅” can also be written as “𓄂𓏏” – “𓄂𓏏” can also be translated as “best.” 

Just like any language, in Middle Egyptian there can be two different ways to write/say the same word or one single word can have multiple meanings!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Limestone Relief of Two Baboons

This is a sunken limestone 𓇋𓈖𓈙𓌉 relief from the Late Period – Ptolemaic Period (c. 400–200 B.C.E.). There’s a lot going on here in such a small space! Let’s take a look! 

Two 𓏻 baboons are offering Wedjat Eyes 𓂀𓂀 to the god 𓊹 Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛, who is depicted as the scarab 𓐍𓊪𓂋𓂋𓆣. Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛 represents the “newborn sun” (sun at dawn). On the relief, Khepri 𓆣𓂋𓇋𓁛 is holding the star “𓇽,” which is the sign for the Duat 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 (Underworld/Afterlife), and beneath him is a sun disc 𓇳𓏺 with sun rays 𓆄𓅱𓇶 extending downward. 

The baboons in this relief are most likely associated with the god 𓊹 Thoth 𓅝𓏏𓏭𓀭, who was often depicted as a baboon. The reason why they seem to be associated with Thoth 𓅝𓏏𓏭𓀭 is because of the Wedjat Eyes 𓂀𓂀 they are holding and also by the shen rings 𓍶𓍶 they are wearing on their heads. The shen rings 𓍶𓍶 are thought to represent the moon 𓇋𓂝𓎛𓇹, and since Thoth 𓅝𓏏𓏭𓀭 is god 𓊹 of the moon 𓇋𓂝𓎛𓇹, he is commonly associated with this symbol!

The wedjat 𓂀 or the “Eye of Horus” is representative of the eye 𓁹𓏏𓏤 that Horus 𓅃𓀭 lost when battling Seth 𓊃𓏏𓄡𓁣. Thoth 𓅤𓀭 restored Horus’ 𓅃𓀭 eye, however, the single Eye of Horus became a symbol of rebirth or healing 𓋴𓈖𓃀𓏜.

The Shen ring 𓍶 symbol is a circle of rope that is tied at the end. The tied rope symbolizes completeness, infinity/eternity 𓎛𓇳𓎛, and is also a symbol of protection 𓅓𓂝𓎡𓀜.

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Sekhmet and Ptah – the Unlikely Pair!

This piece at the MET is from the Late Period – Ptolemaic Period (c. 664–30 B.C.E.) is tiny 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 so of course I love it!!

This small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 piece of metal depicts the deities 𓊹𓊹𓊹 Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 and Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐. Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 and Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 are super interesting mythological figures in ancient Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 because they were some of the oldest deities 𓊹𓊹𓊹 that were worshipped for thousands 𓆼𓆼𓆼 of years! 

Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 was known as the goddess 𓊹𓏏 of war, the destructive aspects of the sun 𓇳𓏺 (such as the desert 𓅟𓂋𓏏𓈊 heat), could bring on plagues, and was associated with kingship. In the Book of the Dead, Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 is referred to as “The Master Architect,” and “Framer of Everything in the Universe” due to his role in “speaking” the world 𓇾𓇾 into creation! 

If Sekhmet’s 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 power was uncontrolled, she could pose major problems for Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. For example, when Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 was sent by her father Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 to punish the human race for rebelling against him, she lost control and had to be stopped by Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 before she eradicated all of humanity! Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 tricked her into thinking that pomegranate juice was blood and Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 drank so much she fell asleep! In one version of the myth, when she wakes up, the first thing she sees is Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 and instantly falls in love with him! 

The love affair between Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 and Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 us very interesting in a mythological sense because Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛𓁱 represents creation while Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓅓𓏏𓁐 can represent total destruction! Their son 𓅭, Nefertem 𓄤𓆑𓂋𓏏𓍃𓀯, is the god 𓊹 of healing. The union of creation and destruction created healing and thus re-established “Ma’at” (truth 𓐙𓌴𓂣𓏏𓆄/justice 𓐙𓌴𓂣𓏏𓆄𓏜) in the world 𓇾𓇾! 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Amarna Letters

The “Amarna Letters” is the modern designation for a group of over 300 𓏲𓏲𓏲 clay tablets that were found at Tell el-Amarna, Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 in the 1880s. Amarna as it is commonly called, is the modern name for “Akhetaten 𓈌𓏏𓉐𓇋𓏏𓈖𓊖.” “Akhetaten 𓈌𓏏𓉐𓇋𓏏𓈖𓊖” was the capital of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 during the reign 𓋾 of Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖. 

The “Amarna Letters” are written on clay tablets in cuneiform script, which was a type of Mesopotamian script! Cuneiform could be used to write many languages, but the language on the “Amarna Letters’” tablets is Akkadian. This is significant because it shows the reach that cuneiform/Akkadian had throughout the ancient world! Akkadian was probably the lingua franca (common language/trade language) of the time! 

Most of the letters are written from rulers outside of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, and they document diplomatic relations between these territories and Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖. This particular Amarna Letter that is pictured is from Abi-milku of Tyre to the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖 . Abi-milku was asking Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 for protection in return for his loyalty to the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 Akhenaten 𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖!

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“A Voice Offering” in Hieroglyphs

Let’s read some hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪!

“A Voice Offering” in Hieroglyphs

Today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳 we are going to be looking at the composite hieroglyph 𓊹𓌃  “𓉓.” As a reminder, a composite hieroglyph 𓊹𓌃 is a single symbol that is actually a combination of multiple symbols! 

While a lot of the composite hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 are combinations of two 𓏻 symbols, “𓉓” is actually a combination of four 𓏽 symbols! I like to think of composite hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 as a math equation: 

𓉓 = 𓉐 + 𓊤 + 𓏑 + 𓏊

Here is the modern name designated to each of the symbols that are part of 𓉓:

𓉐 – house plan 

𓊤 – oar 

𓏑 – bread 

𓏊 – beer jug

In terms of meaning, “𓉓” is an ideogram (a single symbol that takes on the meaning of a full word) for the phrase “invocation offering or voice offering” and is a part of the standard offering formula that is seen on stelae 𓎗𓅱𓆓𓉸𓏪, false doors, sarcophagi 𓎟𓋹𓈖𓐍𓊭𓏪/coffins 𓋴𓅱𓎛𓏏𓆱𓏦 and other funerary equipment 𓈎𓂋𓋴𓏏𓏏𓊭. 

𓉓 would be pronounced like “prt-ḫrw.” 𓉓 Is definitely a great symbol to recognize because it is very common!!!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Hatshepsut Gallery (Part 3)

I have written about these small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 “Kneeling Statues of Hatshepsut” in the past, but I have never posted a picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 with all four 𓏽 of them together 𓈖𓊗! Usually due to crowds at the MET, it is so hard to get all four 𓏽 in a single picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏!

Since I wrote about the big statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 yesterday, let’s look at the small 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 today 𓏇𓇋𓈖𓇳! I was so happy 𓄫𓅱𓏛 to get some fun pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 in the Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 Gallery! 

In these statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪, Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 is kneeling and is seen holding the nemset jar 𓏌.  The jar 𓏌 has the djed pillar 𓊽 adorning the front.  The djed pillar 𓊽 is thought to be the spine of Osiris 𓁹𓊨𓀭, and it represents stability and endurance – both are attributes a Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 needed in order to be a successful ruler 𓋾!

While tiny 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩, these statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 adorned her temple 𓉟𓏏𓉐 at Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐. At least eight of these statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 were found on the joint expedition between the MET and the Egyptian government during the excavation of Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐. Four 𓏽 of these are in the MET, and are in varying conditions. 

They were most likely used to line the upper court at her temple 𓉟𓏏𓉐, and are thought to be intended for her Heb Sed festival (a festival used to celebrate 30 𓎆𓎆𓎆 years of rule, and then celebrated every three 𓏼 years after the initial 30 𓎆𓎆𓎆). Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪, ever the Pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 to break from tradition, instead celebrated hers in the 16th 𓎆𓏿 year of her rule! 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Hatshepsut Gallery (Part 2)

Thanks to my mom 𓄿𓏏𓁐, who was at the museum with me, I was able to get such great pictures 𓏏𓅱𓏏𓏦 in the Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 Gallery!

Here I am in between the two 𓏻 large red granite 𓅓𓌳𓏏𓎶 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 of Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪! These statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 are tremendous in size and so gorgeous 𓄤 to look at! Hateshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 really does look regal in them! 

In both statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪, Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 is in a kneeling position holding a nemset jar 𓏌𓏺 in each hand 𓂧𓏏𓏺. In ancient Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖, kneeling is considered a worshipping 𓇼𓄿𓀢/offering 𓊵𓏏𓊪𓏏𓏔𓏦 position, and hieroglyphs 𓊹𓌃𓏪 at the base of one of the statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 say that she is offering 𓊵𓏏𓊪𓏏𓏔𓏦 plants 𓆾𓆰𓆰𓆰 to the god 𓊹 Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓀭. 

The main difference between the two 𓏻 statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 is that one has a false beard and one does not! In statuary, pharaohs 𓉐𓉻𓏦 were usually depicted wearing a false beard as it was a sign of royalty 𓋾. Since most of these statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 were found in pieces at Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐 during excavations, it’s possible that the statue 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾 on the right was supposed to have a false beard but it wasn’t found, or that it was never supposed to have one!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

The Hatshepsut Gallery (Part 1)

I had Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 all to myself at the MET!!

Anyone who has been following me for a while knows that the “Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 Gallery” at the MET is my favorite gallery out of any museum I have been too! Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 has been my favorite pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 since I was a child; pretty much ever since my Nonno told me that there was a woman 𓊃𓏏𓂑𓏏𓁐 who was the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻 of Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖! 

Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 cartouche means “United with Amun, Foremost of the Noble Women,” however just the given name 𓂋𓈖 “Hatshepsut 𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪” alone just means “Foremost of the Noble Women,” and I feel that name 𓂋𓈖 is totally appropriate for her! Her throne name, “Maatkare 𓇳𓁦𓂓” means “Truth is the Soul of Re.” 

Most of the statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 that are in this gallery are from the MET’s joint expedition with the Egyptian government in Egypt 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 during 1928-1929. This excavation focused on Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐, which is the location of Hatshepsut’s 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 mortuary temple. Most of the statues 𓄚𓈖𓏏𓏭𓀾𓏪 you can see in the picture 𓏏𓅱𓏏 were found in pieces, and were put back together. 

Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 ruled 𓋾 for about 20 𓎆𓎆 years, and the earlier years were a joint rein 𓋾 with her nephew Thutmosis III 𓇳𓏠𓆣. She commissioned many building projects (her mortuary temple 𓉟𓏏𓉐 at Deir el-Bahri 𓂦𓂋𓂦𓏥𓉐 being the most magnificent) and sent an expedition to the land of Punt 𓊪𓃺𓈖𓏏𓈉.

About twenty 𓎆𓎆 years after her death 𓅓𓏏𓏱, around the end of Thutmosis III’s 𓇳𓏠𓆣 reign 𓋾, Hatshepsut 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎹𓏏𓄂𓏏𓀼𓏪 name 𓂋𓈖 and image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 were erased from monuments and she was not included on the Ramesside King’s Lists. The theory is that this was Thutmosis III’s 𓇳𓏠𓆣 doing, however, that is a theory and there isn’t really sound archaeological evidence for it. We will probably never know for sure!

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

“Soul Houses”

These clay 𓊪𓈖𓋴𓈇 model houses 𓉐𓏥 are called “Soul Houses” and they were given this name by Flinders Petrie due to them being found at the entrance to or very close to tombs 𓇋𓐫𓊃𓉐𓏦 or burials. 

These Soul 𓂓 Houses 𓉐𓏥 are usually found in or near Middle Kingdom burials. These clay 𓊪𓈖𓋴𓈇 models ensured that the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 had access to shelter and food 𓇬𓀁𓅱𓏔𓏥 in the afterlife 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐. They are thought to take the place of offering tables 𓂝𓃀𓅡𓄿𓋃𓏪 – since offering tables 𓂝𓃀𓅡𓄿𓋃𓏪 were usually for the wealthy, the Soul House 𓉐𓏤 was a more affordable option. 

I have always been a person who likes tiny 𓈖𓆓𓋴𓅩 things, and the Soul Houses are no exception! I used to call them “Egyptian Dollhouses” when I was a kid, which is why I liked them so much despite their rough appearance. I am not going to lie, I still refer to them as dollhouses!!