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Reading Hieroglyphs

One Thousand in Hieroglyphs!

Happy 1,000 ๐“†ผ Posts to my Instagram @ancientegyptblog ! To celebrate this momentous occasion, letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to be looking at the โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ symbol! The โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ has many functions in Middle Egyptian and it is a symbol you will see a lot!

One Thousand in Hieroglyphs
The “Lotus Plant” symbol which is used to write the number one thousand in hieroglyphs!

The most common way you will see the โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ symbol used is when it is used as an ideogram to represent the number โ€œone thousand ๐“†ผ.โ€

For example:ย 

๐“†ผ – 1,000

๐“†ผ๐“†ผ – 2,000

๐“†ผ๐“†ผ๐“†ผ – 3,000

One Thousand in Hieroglyphs
How many times do you see “one thousand” written in the inscription above? Read to the bottom of the post to see the answer!

Used in a sentence (the Offering Formula), it looks like this:

๐“‰“๐“†ผ๐“๐“Š๐“†ผ๐“ƒพ๐“…ฟ๐“†ผ๐“ฑ๐“‹ฒ

โ€œ A voice offering ๐“‰“ (of) a thousand ๐“†ผ bread ๐“ and beer ๐“Š, a thousand ๐“†ผ ox ๐“ƒพ and fowl ๐“…ฟ, a thousand ๐“†ผ alabaster ๐“ฑ and linen ๐“‹ฒ.โ€

The Offering Formula on stelae ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ๐“ฆ and False Doors will be the most common way you will see this symbol in inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ! 

The โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ is a biliteral phonogram and represents the sound โ€œแธซ3.โ€ The โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ symbol can also be simply used as an ideogram for the word โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผ๐“บ.โ€

Some words that can be written with the โ€œlotus plant ๐“†ผโ€ are:

๐“†ผ๐“…ก๐“‹ด๐“‡ผ๐“‡ผ๐“‡ผ – Starry Sky

๐“†ผ๐“๐“‰๐“ญ – Office

๐“๐“†ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“ฃ – Illness/Disease

๐“‹ด๐“†ผ๐“„ฟ๐“€ – To Remember

I cannot believe itโ€™s been almost four ๐“ฝ years since I stated this account, let alone the fact that I have written 1,000 ๐“†ผ posts about ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–! Thatโ€™s a lot of โ€œLetโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช,โ€ mythology, art, pharaohs, and talking about my Nonno!

Pharaoh Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  was buried with over 1,000 ๐“†ผ ushabtis ๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ so now I have as many posts as Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  had ushabtis ๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ!

The answer to the question above is: four times!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Necklace of Princess Sithathoryuet

This beautiful ๐“„ค necklace ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“‹ belonged to the princess Sithathoryunet, who is thought to be the daughter ๐“…ญ๐“ of the 12th Dynasty (c. 1887โ€“1813 B.C.E) Pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Senwosret II ๐“„Š๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ–. She is thought to be his daughter ๐“…ญ๐“ because her tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ is linked to his pyramid.ย 

Necklace of Princess Sithathoryuet
The Necklace of Princess Sithathoryuet

Flinders Petrie was actually the one to discover her tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰. Despite being robbed in antiquity, the tomb robbers left a chest full of beautiful ๐“„ค jewelry ๐“‚๐“๐“ข behind! 

The necklace ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“‹ is made out of gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰, carnelian (stone with a red color), lapis lazuli ๐“๐“‹ด๐“ƒ€๐“‚ง๐“ง, turquoise ๐“…“๐“†‘๐“‚“๐“๐“ˆ“, green feldspar, and garnet ๐“„‘๐“›๐“ˆŽ๐“„ฟ๐“Œณ๐“„ฟ๐“…“๐“ฒ๐“ˆ’๐“ฆ! 

Letโ€™s take a look at all of the beautiful ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹ symbolism and imagery ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ that is compressed into this piece!

Necklace of Princess Sithathoryuet
A closeup of the Necklace of Princess Sithathoryuet highlighting the intricate design.

The necklace ๐“ˆ™๐“ƒ€๐“…ฑ๐“‹ is centered around the throne name cartouche of Pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Senwosret II ๐“‡ณ๐“ˆ๐“†ฃ.

Each side is symmetrical, and if we start by looking at the outermost part, the Falcon represents the sun ๐“‡ณ๐“บ god ๐“Šน Ra ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› and he is is holding a shen ๐“ถ symbol. The shen ๐“ถ symbol is a circle of rope that is tied at the end. The tied rope symbolizes the completeness and eternity ๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž› of the reign of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป. 

There are two Ankh ๐“‹น symbols that are hanging on two cobras ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†˜๐“ช who are representative of Nekhbet ๐“‡‘๐“ƒ€๐“๐“…๐“ŽŸ and Wadjet ๐“‡…๐“‡Œ๐“๐“†˜, two traditional goddesses ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“ who are protectors of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป. Underneath the cartouche is the god ๐“Šน Heh ๐“จ, who is the personification of infinity and eternity ๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž›. His hieroglyphic symbol is actually the symbol for the number โ€œone million ๐“จ,โ€ thus ensuring that the kingโ€™s rule is eternal ๐“†–. 

Underneath the god ๐“Šน Heh ๐“จ, are stones arranged to look like the โ€œripple of water ๐“ˆ–โ€ hieroglyph, which is representative of the primordial waters that the land came from in the Egyptian creation myth. Much like the water ๐“ˆ— of the Nile ๐“‡‹๐“๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ—๐“ˆ˜๐“ˆ‡๐“บ supported Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–, the primordial waters support this piece!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut

A couple of weeks ago I asked on my Instagram if there was an object people wanted to see more of, and someone suggested the Maned Sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ of Hatshepsut ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“, so here it is!ย 

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut
I took a selfie with the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut!

Pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ were commonly represented as sphinxes ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ฆ in ancient Egyptian art for many reasons. A sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ is a mythical creature that has the body of a lion ๐“Œณ๐“น๐“„ฟ๐“„› and the head of a human. In ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–, lions ๐“Œณ๐“น๐“„ฟ๐“„›๐“ช have been associated with kingship ๐“‡“๐“‡Œ since prehistoric times due to their strength ๐“Œ€ and ferocity. The sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ was the perfect representation of the strength ๐“Œ€ of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป due to its lion ๐“Œณ๐“น๐“„ฟ๐“„› body, while the face still preserved the image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ of the king ๐“‡“ himself/herself.ย 

A closeup of the hieroglyphs on the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut.

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

(๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“‚“) – Maatkare

๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ– – Amun

๐“Œบ๐“๐“‡Œ – Beloved

๐“‹น๐“๐“™- Life Given

๐“†– – Eternity

โ€œMaatkare, Beloved of Amun, Given Life for Eternity.โ€

I know this is strange, but โ€œGiven Lifeโ€ is actually written backwards! It should be โ€œ๐“™๐“‹นโ€ not โ€œ๐“‹น๐“™โ€ as itโ€™s written (this inscription is read from right to left, because thatโ€™s the way the directional symbols are pointing). 

Thereโ€™s also an added ๐“, which makes it the feminine form! Thereโ€™s a second sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค just like this one in the Cairo Museum, and on that sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค, there is no added ๐“! Why would one sphinx ๐“Ž›๐“…ฑ๐“ƒญ๐“ค use the feminine form and one use the masculine?! We will probably never know!ย 

Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut
The hieroglyphs on the Maned Sphinx of Hatshepsut with their English translation next to them!

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Fragment of Akhenaten

This is a fragment of what used to be a limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of the pharaoh Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ–! This (and many others like it) were found during Flinders Petrie and Howard Carterโ€™s excavation at present-day Amarna in 1891, which in ancient times was called Akhetaten ๐“ˆŒ๐“๐“‰๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“Š–. Akhetaten ๐“ˆŒ๐“๐“‰๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“Š– was the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– during the reign ๐“‹พ๐“ˆŽ๐“ of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ–.ย 

Fragment of Akhenaten
A Fragment of Akhenaten – many of Akhenaten’s statues were intentionally destroyed after his reign

Many of Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช not only have the faces destroyed, but are also in hundreds of pieces. This deliberate destruction of his statuary was an attempt to destroy his image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ so he would be forgotten from history. Images/statues of a person, and the name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– of a person held immense power in ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– so if a name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– and image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ was destroyed, its power was removed!ย 

A Fragment of Akhenaten – a front view of the statue where the extent of the damage to his face can be clearly seen.

Why did Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– successors want his image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ destroyed? Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– is infamous for completely changing the Egyptian pantheon from polytheistic worship of the traditional gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน to the monotheistic worship of the Aten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ and people definitely did not like that! When Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– son, Tutankhamun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“ became the pharaoh, he reinstated the old religion and moved the capital of Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– back to Thebes ๐“Œ€๐“๐“Š–. 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Tyet Knot and Djed Pillar

This beautiful ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹ art is from a Roman Period mummy mask of a woman and is dated to 60 – 70 A.D. Itโ€™s always incredible to me how art that is just about 2000 years old has paint ๐“‡จ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ญ๐“ธ๐“ฆ and colors that still look brand new! This art shows two Tyet Knots ๐“Žฌ and a Djed Pillar ๐“Šฝ (middle).ย 

Tyet Knot and Djed Pillar
Two Tyet Knots (right and left) and a Djed Pillar (middle) on a Roman mummy mask

The origin of the Djed Pillar ๐“Šฝ is most likely from the predynastic times while Tyet Knot ๐“Žฌ is from the First Dynasty/Early Dynastic Period. This means that these symbols were over 3000 years old when this mask was made! It always amazes me how the same religious symbols just persisted through Egyptian history! 

The Tyet Knot ๐“Žฌ, also known as the Isis knot ๐“Žฌ, was considered a very strong symbol of protection ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ and came to be associated with Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ. The Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช believed that knots ๐“Žฌ were able to bind and then release magic ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“„ฟ๐“œ.

The Djed Pillar ๐“Šฝ represents the word and concept of Stability in ancient Egypt. The Djed pillar ๐“Šฝ is thought to be the spine ๐“‡‹๐“„ฟ๐“๐“„ฆ of Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ, hence why it takes on the meaning of โ€œstability.โ€ 

The Isis Knots ๐“Žฌ  and the Djed Pillar ๐“Šฝ were also mostly used in a funerary context, such as amulets ๐“Š๐“Šช๐“…†๐“ฆ that were placed on mummies ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ๐“ช or as part of spells ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“›๐“ฆ in the Book of the Dead ๐“‰๐“‚‹๐“๐“‚ป๐“…“๐“‰”๐“‚‹๐“ฒ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“ผ๐“บ. 

While both the Tyet Knot ๐“Žฌ and Djed Pillar appear in art frequently, they are also both hieroglyphic symbols and appear in inscriptions! 

The โ€œreed column ๐“Šฝโ€ more commonly known as the โ€œDjed Pillarโ€ is a biliteral phonogram that has the sound โ€œแธdโ€ which sounds like โ€œDjed.โ€ It also functions as an ideogram for โ€œStability.โ€ 

The โ€œtie ๐“Žฌโ€ is an ideogram for โ€œTyet Knot ๐“Žฌโ€ or โ€œIsis Knot ๐“Žฌโ€ and is a triliteral phonogram associated with the sound โ€œtjtโ€ which would be pronounced like โ€œtyet.โ€ย 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Sistrums with Hathor

Music ๐“‰”๐“‡Œ๐“†ธ and musicians were highly regarded in ancient Egyptian culture. I love music ๐“‰”๐“‡Œ๐“†ธ, and music ๐“‡‹๐“Ž›๐“‡Œ is something that I cannot live without! This is a sistrum ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ, which is a musical instrument from ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– that is similar to a modern rattle or tambourine.ย 

Sistrums with Hathor
A faience sistrum with Hathor from the Ptolemaic Period

Since Hathor ๐“‰ก was the goddess ๐“Šน๐“ of music ๐“‡‹๐“Ž›๐“‡Œ, she was portrayed on most sistrums ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ๐“ช in her human form! However, even though Hathor ๐“‰ก is represented as a woman ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“, she is recognized easily because of her characteristic cow ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹๐“๐“ƒ’ ears!ย 

Sistrums with Hathor
A closeup view of the sistrum with Hathor’s face! See if you can spot her cow ears!

I love these two sistrums ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ๐“ช pictured below because while they are both from the Ptolemaic Period, they look so different! One of the sistrums ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ๐“ช is made of blue ๐“‡…๐“†“๐“› faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ while the other is made of silver ๐“Œ‰๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰.ย 

Sistrums with Hathor
A blue faience sistrum (front) and a silver sistrum (back) both with Hathor’s face on it from the Ptolemaic Period.

Fun fact: in ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–, silver ๐“Œ‰๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ was actually considered to be more valuable because it was harder to obtain through trade! Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– does not naturally have a lot of silver ๐“Œ‰๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰!

The silver ๐“Œ‰๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ sistrum ๐“Šƒ๐“ˆ™๐“ˆ™๐“๐“ฃ has hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช on the handle, however they are very hard to read due to cracks and natural wear. The blue ๐“‡…๐“†“๐“› faience ๐“‹ฃ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ธ๐“ผ one has hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช that are much easier to read! 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

๐“…ญ๐“‡ณ – Son of Ra

๐“ŽŸ๐“ˆ๐“ˆ๐“ˆ – Lord of Appearances

๐“Šช๐“๐“ฏ๐“ƒญ๐“๐“‡Œ๐“‹ด – Ptolemaios (Ptolemy I)

๐“‹น – Life

๐“‡ – Like

๐“‡ณ๐“บ – Ra 

๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž› – Eternity

๐“†– – Eternity

When ๐“Ž›๐“‡ณ๐“Ž› and ๐“†– are used in the same phrase, itโ€™s usually translated as โ€œEverlasting Eternityโ€ instead of โ€œEternity Eternity.โ€ 

Another way to write โ€œLord of Appearancesโ€ is like this – ๐“ŽŸ๐“ˆ๐“ฅ – using three strokes โ€œ๐“ฅโ€ instead of repeating the โ€œsun over the horizon ๐“ŽŸ๐“ˆ๐“ˆ๐“ˆโ€ hieroglyph three times! Both of these ways are the correct way to write the phrase, however the three strokes โ€œ๐“ฅโ€ is usually used more because it takes up less space! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Wooden Model Boat

This is my favorite wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž model that I have seen in any museum!ย 

Wooden Model Boat
Wooden Model Boat of Ukhotep at the MET

This wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ model boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž is from the tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ of a man named ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– Ukhhotep ๐“‹‚๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช. Ukhotep ๐“‹‚๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช was the chief treasurer ๐“‹จ๐“…ฑ, which is why he probably received such gorgeous ๐“„ค funerary equipment ๐“ˆŽ๐“‚‹๐“‹ด๐“๐“๐“Šญ. 

This is one of two ๐“ป funerary boats that were found in his tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ – most Middle Kingdom tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ that had wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ models always contained two ๐“ป boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ. In the tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰,  one  boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž was oriented to the north ๐“Ž”๐“ and the other towards the south ๐“‡”๐“…ฑ๐“.

During the actual funeral, the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ would take one last journey across the Nile River ๐“‡‹๐“๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ—๐“ˆ˜๐“ˆ‡๐“บ.ย  Models of boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ (usually funerary boats), were usually found in tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ as a way to symbolically bring the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ into the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰.

Wooden Model Boat
Wooden Model Boat of Ukhotep at the MET showing the mummy and the two women on either side representing Isis and Nephthys.

I really love this model because of the mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ that you can see underneath the canopy! As a kid I always loved that! The canopy also has a leopard ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“ƒฎ skin on the top, and the details on the leopard ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“ƒฎ are just gorgeous!ย ย 

Wooden Model Boat
Wooden Model Boat of Ukhotep at the MET showing the priests wearing leopard skins.

The mummy ๐“‡‹๐“น๐“…ฑ๐“€พ is accompanied by two ๐“ป women ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“๐“ช mourners – they are probably meant to represent Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ and Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡. There is also a priest ๐“Šน๐“› (dressed in the leopard ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“ƒฎ skin) who holds a scroll ๐“…“๐“‘๐“๐“› with a funerary offering ๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“”๐“ฆ on it. There is a second priest ๐“Šน๐“›, also dressed in leopard ๐“‹๐“ƒ€๐“‡Œ๐“ƒฎ skin with his arm ๐“‚๐“บ extended outward in a mourning gesture.

Wooden Model Boat
Wooden Model Boat of Ukhotep at the MET highlighting the detailed leopard on the canopy.

Wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ models were very popular amongst Middle Kingdom tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ. This particular boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž is dated to the 12th Dynasty (c. 1981โ€“1802 B.C.E.)

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Egyptian Artifacts

Clay Donkey

This little ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“‹ด๐“…ฉ clay ๐“Šช๐“ˆ–๐“‹ด๐“ˆ‡ donkey ๐“ƒ˜๐“บ is easy to miss in the display cabinets of the galleries at the MET, but he is just so cute!ย 

Clay Donkey

This piece was is very rudimentary but I love how it shows a different level of ancient Egyptian artistry. There are four little sticks in the donkey ๐“ƒ˜๐“บ which are used to hold the little clay ๐“Šช๐“ˆ–๐“‹ด๐“ˆ‡ balls which are probably representing sacks of grain ๐“ˆŽ๐“„ฟ๐“…ฑ๐“ธ๐“ฆ. This little ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“‹ด๐“…ฉ clay ๐“Šช๐“ˆ–๐“‹ด๐“ˆ‡ donkey ๐“ƒ˜๐“บ was actually found by Howard Carter when he was excavating near Hatshepsutโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“Žน๐“๐“„‚๐“๐“€ผ๐“ช temple!  

While horses ๐“‹ด๐“‹ด๐“…“๐“๐“ƒ—๐“ช werenโ€™t introduced into Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– until the Second Intermediate Period (around 1600 B.C.E.), donkeys ๐“ƒ˜๐“ƒ˜๐“ƒ˜ seem to have been in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– since around 4500 B.C.E. (based on bone evidence). However, the first artistic representation of a donkey ๐“†„๐“…ฑ๐“ƒ˜ is from a palette dated to 3100 B.C.E., which is around the end of the Predynastic Period and the start of the Archaic Period (1st and 2nd Dynasties). 

Another distinction between donkeys ๐“ƒ˜๐“ƒ˜๐“ƒ˜ and horses ๐“‹ด๐“‹ด๐“…“๐“๐“ƒ—๐“ช in ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– were that donkeys ๐“ƒ˜๐“ช were used mainly for work and for hauling goods/materials in carts (as seen in this clay ๐“Šช๐“ˆ–๐“‹ด๐“ˆ‡ representation) while horses ๐“‹ด๐“‹ด๐“…“๐“๐“ƒ—๐“ช were only used for pulling chariots ๐“…จ๐“‚‹๐“‚‹๐“๐“Œ๐“ฆ and were reserved solely for the military and pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฅ. 

This piece is dated to the Second Intermediate Period โ€“ Early New Kingdom (13th-18th Dynasties, 1991โ€“1450 B.C.E.). 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

“To Rule” in Hieroglyphs

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to be looking at theย  word โ€œ๐“ท๐“ถ,โ€ which has a bunch of different (but seemingly related) meanings in Middle Egyptian!ย 

To Rule
“To Rule” in raised relief from a Middle Kingdom relief at the MET

Here is a list of some of the meanings of the word โ€œ๐“ท๐“ถโ€: 

-To Rule

-Who is Upon

-Nomarch (kind of like a governor who was appointed by the pharaoh)

-Governor (this would be a more modern interpretation of the word) 

-Leader

-Magician

Letโ€™s take a closer look at the two symbols which comprise this word! 

The โ€œface ๐“ทโ€ symbol is a biliteral phonogram for the sound แธฅr and is an ideogram for the word โ€œface.โ€ 

The โ€œhead ๐“ถโ€ symbol is a biliteral phonogram for the sound โ€œtpโ€ and is an ideogram/determinative for the word โ€œhead.โ€

So all together the word โ€œ๐“ท๐“ถโ€ would have a sound value of โ€œแธฅr-tp.โ€

The โ€œface ๐“ทโ€ symbol is always fascinating to see because itโ€™s artistically different from most of the other 750+ hieroglyphic symbols. The โ€œface ๐“ทโ€ symbol is so different because it is a front view of a face instead of a profile view. Most ancient Egyptian art is done in profile, so this symbol really stands out to me amongst other hieroglyphic symbols.  

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Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Roman Mosaic

While this beautiful ๐“„ค๐“†‘๐“‚‹ Roman mosaic is not Egyptian, it is inspired by ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–! The global fascination and love of ancient Egyptian art didnโ€™t start in modern times; in fact, the Romans were enamored with ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– too! The Romans saw Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– as a โ€œland of wealth and antiquity.โ€ย 

Roman Mosaic
An Egyptian inspired Roman Mosaic at the MET

Mosaics are a Roman art form, but if you look at the center you will see Egyptian figures! The figure on the left has blue skin and the sun/horn headdress that is typical of the goddess ๐“Šน๐“ Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ during this time period, while the seared figure on the right is wearing the nemes ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“‹ด head cloth which is typical dress for a pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป.ย 

The scene is definitely strange because a goddess ๐“Šน๐“ would never be making an offering to a pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป – the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป would always be making an offering to a god ๐“Šน or goddess ๐“Šน๐“! This scene was clearly meant to convey what the Romanโ€™s felt as an Egyptian atmosphere and itโ€™s interesting to see the Roman interpretation of Egyptian culture despite its inaccuracies. 

Fun Fact: Roman Emperors liked Egyptian art, and some (like Caligula ๐“ˆ๐“‹พ๐“ฉ๐“„ฟ๐“ฒ๐“๐“Žผ๐“ƒญ๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“ฐ and Hadrian ๐“‰”๐“๐“‚‹๐“‚๐“ˆ–๐“Šƒ๐“ˆŽ๐“Šƒ๐“‚‹) had pieces from ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– brought to Rome to adorn their gardens ๐“Ž›๐“Šƒ๐“Šช๐“ˆˆ๐“ฅ or estates.ย 

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