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Egyptian Artifacts

British Museum Funerary Display

Thereโ€™s a lot going on in this picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“, but I really like this display at the British Museum! This display contains statuesย ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ๐“ชย that all have to do with funerary practices.ย 

On the bottom left, there are multiple figures of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. Ptah-Sokar-Osiris figures connect three gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน that are connected to rebirth/resurrection into a single statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ. These statues ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ๐“ช became popular during the Late Period and they seemed to have evolved from the figures of Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ that became popular in tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ during the 19th Dynasty (New Kingdom). These figures are always a mummiform figure on a wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ base. 

On the bottom right is a corn mummy in a falcon ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“Žก๐“…„ sarcophagus ๐“ŽŸ๐“‹น๐“ˆ–๐“๐“Šญ. While millions of animal mummies have been found at sites all over Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š–, mummies made of grains like wheat and barley have also been found. Corn Mummies are meant to be a representation of the god ๐“Šน Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ and Egyptologists came to this conclusion because the โ€œcoffinsโ€ that contain the corn mummies almost always contain Osirisโ€™ ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– and his titles/epithets.

The middle-right shows wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ funerary figures of Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ and Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ which were also popular figures to find in tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ from the Late Period and onward. Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ and Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ were sisters ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“๐“๐“ช and both funerary goddesses ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“. Similar statues ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ๐“ช can be seen in museums around the world!

The top left shows various figures and representations of the god ๐“Šน Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ, who was the main funerary god ๐“Šน in the Egyptian pantheon. 

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Pair Statue

This type of statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is referred to as a Pair Statue.

The front of a Pair Statue at the Brooklyn Museum

Pair Statues first appeared in the Third Dynasty during the reign of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป Djoser ๐“‚ฆ, however, this example is from the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom – either the reign of Thutmosis IV ๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ๐“ผ or Amenhotep III ๐“‡ณ๐“ง๐“Ž ).

The purpose of the Pair Statue was to show closeness between two ๐“ป individuals. This pair statue represents a husband and wife ๐“‚‘๐“๐“! The man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€๐“ค is named Nebsen and he was a scribe ๐“Ÿ๐“€€ in the treasury, while the woman ๐“‚‘๐“๐“ is named Nebet-ta, and she was a singer in the temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ of Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ. Both scribes ๐“Ÿ๐“€€๐“ช and singers were held in high regard and were of high status, which is probably how they had the means to procure such a beautiful ๐“„ค pair statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ!

What I love about this statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is how beautiful ๐“„ค the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช are!

The word โ€œwomanโ€ can be written multiple ways, either ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“ or ๐“‚‘๐“๐“. The latter can also mean โ€œwife.โ€

There is also a dedication to the god ๐“Šน Sobek ๐“‹ด๐“ƒ€๐“Žก๐“†‹ (right column on the back):

๐“‡“๐“๐“Šต๐“™๐“‹ด๐“ƒ€๐“Žก๐“†‹

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Egyptian Artifacts

Solar Barge – The Book of the Dead

One of the greatest aspects of the Brooklyn Museumโ€™s Egyptian collection is The Book of the Dead for a man named Sobekmose, who had the title โ€œGoldworker of Amun.โ€ Sobekmose was buried in Memphis and that is where this papyrus ๐“…“๐“‘๐“๐“› was found. This Book of the Dead dates to the 18th Dynasty (early New Kingdom 1500-1480 B.C.E.). It is displayed as one complete papyrus ๐“…“๐“‘๐“๐“›!

The Book of the Dead contained instructions/spells for the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ as they made their way through the underworld ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰. The red text that you see is used to indicate the start of a new spell, the end of a spell, or the names of certain mythological figures.

I love this particular image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ – it shows the sun ๐“‡ณ๐“บ god Ra ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› in his solar barge that he used to bring the sun ๐“‡ณ๐“บ across the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ during the day ๐“‰”๐“‚‹๐“บ๐“‡ณ, and then through the underworld ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰ at night ๐“Žผ๐“‚‹๐“Ž›๐“„›. Raโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› journey across the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ is supposed to be representative of his birth/resurrection (sunrise), growth (day) and then death (sunset). Then, Raโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› journey would repeat for another day.

I love how the solar barge is sitting on top of the determinative hieroglyph for โ€œsky ๐“‡ฏโ€ and that the Egyptian stars ๐“‡ผ๐“‡ผ๐“‡ผ are also there!

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Relief of Rameses II

There are two ๐“ป different types of reliefs; raised and sunken reliefs. In a raised relief, the images project upward from the rock, while in a sunken relief, the images are carved within the rock.

Most of the time, especially for temple and royal inscriptions, the Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช chose to to raised reliefs because it was less likely to be completely washed out by the sun ๐“‡ณ๐“บ! Sunken reliefs were mainly used when time was of the essence, because sunken reliefs took less time to carve or when the rock was too hard/dense. Sunken reliefs actually became more popular starting with the 18th Dynasty.

Full Relief of Rameses II at the Brooklyn Museum.

This relief shows Rameses II ๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“‡ณ๐“‰๐“ˆ–. What is interesting is the hieroglyphs are sunken reliefs, while the images ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“ฆ of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป are raised reliefs.

Usually reliefs were either one or the other, however, this relief has both sunken and raised aspects to it! Many of his titles/cartouches are used in this relief.

Close-Up of the Hieroglyphs.

๐“ŽŸ๐“‡ฟ๐“‡ฟ โ€œlord of the two landsโ€
๐“‡ณ๐“„Š๐“ง๐“‡ณ๐“‰๐“ˆ– Rameses II (Usermaatre – throne name)

๐“ŽŸ๐“ˆ๐“ฅ โ€œlord of appearancesโ€
๐“ฉ๐“›๐“ˆ˜๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ Rameses II (Ramessu mery-Amun – birth name)

๐“Œบ๐“ฉ๐“›๐“„Ÿ๐“‹ด๐“‡“ – Rameses II (Ramessu mery-Amun – birth name variant)

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Egyptian Artifacts

Colorful Hieroglyphs

A lot of the time, the pieces that catch my eye in the museums are the limestone fragments that contain colorful hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช.

Colorful Hieroglyphs at the Brooklyn Museum

I donโ€™t know why I like these seemingly unassuming pieces so much, but I do. Itโ€™s probably because theyโ€™re so colorful! Once upon a time, most Egyptian reliefs were as colorful as this piece, however with the passage of time, most of the colors faded. Itโ€™s so cool to almost catch a glimpse of what the colors were like thousands of years ago!

This limestone raised relief came from the wall of a tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰. It is dated to the 18th-19th Dynasties of the New Kingdom. I love how detailed the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช are!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Wooden Boat Models

I absolutely love the wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ tomb ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ models. I could literally spend hours just looking at them!

Wooden Boat Models at the Louvre (featuring Nonno’s reflection)

Wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ models were very popular in the Middle Kingdom and were usually put in tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰. The boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ were symbolic, and were meant to help the deceased on their journey in the afterlife ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰. When a person died, their body was carried in a boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž across the Nile ๐“‡‹๐“๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ—๐“ˆ˜๐“ˆ‡๐“บ in a symbolic representation of the journey of the soul ๐“‚“- from the land of the living to the land of the dead ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰. This directly mirrors Raโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› daily journey across the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ.

Tombs usually contained two ๐“ป boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ: one sailing in a northward direction, and one sailing in a southward direction.

So many wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ model boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ have been found because boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ were essential to daily Egyptian life along the Nile River ๐“‡‹๐“๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“ˆ—๐“ˆ˜๐“ˆ‡๐“บ. Boats ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž๐“ฆ were not only essential for transporting people, goods and construction materials, but also for the gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน and their journeys as well.

This particular boat ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž is so beautiful ๐“„ค because so many of the oarsmen are there! I also love this picture because my Nonno took it – you can even see his reflection in the glass ๐Ÿ’™.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Reliefs from Amarna – featuring Nefertiti!

This is a painted limestone sunken relief of Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ.

Relief of Nefertiti at the Brooklyn Museum

Even though her name does not appear on the relief, thanks to the uniqueness of the Amarna art style, it can be easy to tell who is who in the art. The headdress that Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ is wearing in this relief is the same headdress that the famous Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ bust in Berlin wears! You can also see the phrase โ€œ ๐“™๐“‹นโ€ which means โ€œgiven lifeโ€ above her head. The rest of the inscription cannot be read.

The second relief is a raised relief and it was once part of a larger image. It shows feet in sandals! The description from the museum says itโ€™s from an unidentified woman ๐“Šƒ๐“๐“‚‘๐“๐“ or queen ๐“‡“๐“๐“๐“ˆž. This could be Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ, or one of her and Akhenatenโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ– daughters.

Feet In Sandals relief at the Brooklyn Museum

The third piece is a bust. According to the museum, scholars used to think this was a bust of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…œ๐“๐“ˆ–, Smenkhare ๐“‡ณ๐“Šƒ๐“‰ป๐“‚“๐“‚ฆ๐“†ฃ, or Tutankhamun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“. However, more recently, it is thought to show Ankhesenpaaten, the second daughter of Akhenaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“…ž๐“๐“ˆ– and Nefertiti ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“„ค๐“‡๐“๐“ญ. Ankhesenpaaten was the wife/queen ๐“‡“๐“๐“๐“ˆž of Tutankhamun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“ and during his rule changed her name to Ankhesenamun to reflect the switch back to the old religion. The name Ankhesenamun means โ€œshe who lives through Amun.โ€

Tutankhamun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“‹พ๐“‰บ๐“‡“ also went through a name change when he switched Egyptโ€™s ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– religion back – his original name was Tutankhaten ๐“‡‹๐“๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“‹น๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Raised Relief of Akhethotep

This is a raised relief in limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ of an Old Kingdom official ๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“€€ named Akhethotep ๐“๐“…ž๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“€€.

Raised Relief of Akhethotep at the Brooklyn Museum

This piece is from Saqqara and is dated to the Fourth Dynasty. This relief is a beautiful example of Old Kingdom relief style (eyes ๐“น๐“๐“ฆ are carved facing the front but the nose ๐“†‘๐“ˆ–๐“‚ง๐“‚‰ and mouth ๐“‚‹๐“บ are in profile) and it shows how a lot of the Egyptian art style persisted throughout the entire length of the civilization. These same features can be seen throughout Egyptian art for thousands of years.

Akhethotepโ€™s ๐“๐“…ž๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“€€ name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– is located in front of his head ๐“ถ๐“บ. If you notice, the determinative symbol (๐“€€) is โ€œmissingโ€ from his name in the relief, and is instead written like this: ๐“๐“…ž๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช. The symbol isnโ€™t actually missing – since the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช in this particular relief are read from right to left, the larger image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ of him is used to represent the determinative symbol! The ancient Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช loved to maximize the aesthetics and would often do things like this in order to maximize space on the reliefs! A partial version of Akhethotepโ€™s ๐“๐“…ž๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“€€ name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– can also be seen above his head ๐“ถ๐“บ.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Statue of an Official Named Nesthoth

This statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is of an official ๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“€€ named Nesthoth. Wealthy Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช would often have a statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ made of themselves because the Egyptians ๐“†Ž๐“๐“€€๐“๐“ช believed that the soul ๐“‚“ of a person could inhabit the statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ after death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ. Having such a statue in a temple ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰ meant that the deceased ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ person would always be present during temple processions.

Statue of an Official Named Nesthoth at the Brooklyn Museum

This statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ is made of a rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ called diorite. Diorite is classified as a coarse grained intrusive igneous rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™, meaning it was formed from the solidification of magma deep underground. Though it canโ€™t be seen in this statue, the โ€œcoarseโ€ classification means that the rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ has crystals between the sizes of 1mm-10mm in diameter. While Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– has an igneous rock base (as all continents do), diorite was a rare rock ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‚‹๐“ˆ™ to find in Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– because Egyptโ€™s bedrock is mostly granitic. Since diorite was rare and difficult to work with, this statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ was most likely incredibly expensive to commission!

The base of the statue ๐“„š๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ญ๐“€พ contains the standard offering formula โ€œan offering the king gives Osirisโ€ (๐“‡“๐“๐“Šต๐“™๐“‹”๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ). The rest of the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช are too difficult for me to read!

The god ๐“Šน Thoth ๐“…ค๐“€ญ(in his baboon form) is seen with Nesthoth. Thoth ๐“…ค๐“€ญ was the god ๐“Šน of writing ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ!

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Blog Egyptian Artifacts

Wooden Ushabtis of Seti I

My Nonno took this picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ and I love the fact that you can see his reflection in the glass. I know that technically makes this โ€œnot a good pictureโ€ in photography terms, but that is what makes the picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ so special to me. I love being able to see him and his point of view while going through old pictures ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“ฆ because I miss him so much.

Wooden Ushabtis of Seti I at the Vatican Museum

These are the wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ of Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“ . While only about 700 of these wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ remain, it is estimated that Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  had over 1000 of them. What happened to the ones that are missing? They were used for firewood ๐Ÿคฆ๐Ÿฝโ€โ™€๏ธ My Nonno frequently told me about this – he was not happy that artifacts were destroyed! Anytime Seti I ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  came up in conversation (which was often because he was one of my Nonnoโ€™s favorite pharaohs ๐“‰๐“‰ป๐“ฆ) my Nonno would say โ€œcan you believe some idiots used his ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ as torches??!!โ€

Seti Iโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“ฆ๐“  remaining ushabtis ๐“†ท๐“„ฟ๐“ฏ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ฎ๐“€พ are in museums throughout the world and I have always been on the lookout for them whenever I go to a museum! Originally, my Nonno and I would always point them out to each other. Now whenever I see them, they are a reminder of my Nonno.