Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Stela of Aafenmut

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to look at a wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ that is dated to the Third Intermediate Period (c. 924โ€“889 B.C.E., 22nd Dynasty) which belonged to a man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€๐“ค named Aafenmut ๐“‰ป๐“†‘๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…๐“†‡. This stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ shows a typical funerary stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ offering ๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“”๐“ฆ scene, and this style of stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ was very popular during this time period. I love this particular style because it is so colorful!ย This stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

The Solar Barge ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž is shown at the top of the stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ and the Solar Barge ๐“‚ง๐“Šช๐“๐“Šž represents Raโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› journey across the sky ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ. Raโ€™s ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› journey is supposed to be representative of his birth/resurrection (sunrise), growth (day) and then death (sunset). In between Aafenmut ๐“‰ป๐“†‘๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…๐“†‡ and Ra-Horakhty ๐“…Š๐“”๐“”๐“ค is a table filled with offerings ๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“”๐“ฆ of bread ๐“๐“, fruit, and flowers ๐“†ผ๐“…ฑ๐“†ฐ๐“ฆ.ย 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

๐“…Š๐“”๐“”๐“ค – Ra-Horakhty

๐“Šน๐“‰ผ – Great God

๐“ŽŸ – Lord

๐“‡ฏ – Sky/Heaven

๐“‚ž – Give

๐“†‘ – He

๐“Šต๐“๐“Šช๐“๐“๐“›- Offerings

๐“ – To

๐“Šฉ๐“น – Osiris

๐“ – To

๐“ž – Scribe

๐“บ๐“‰๐“Œ‰๐“บ๐“‰ – Treasury

๐“‰ป๐“†‘๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…๐“†‡ – Aafenmut

๐“™๐“Šค – True of Voice (Justified)

So all ๐“ŽŸ together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š—, this inscription ๐“Ž˜๐“…ฑ๐“Ž– reads: โ€œRa-Horakhty, the Great God, Lord of the Sky/Heaven, may he give offerings to Osiris, to the scribe of the treasury, Aafenmut, True of Voice.โ€ 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Shrine or Pylon Stela

While this piece doesnโ€™t look like a regular stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ (stone, rounded top), it is still considered to be one! This stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ has taken the shape of a shrine ๐“๐“Šƒ๐“…“๐“‚œ๐“‰ or pylon ๐“ƒ€๐“๐“ˆ–๐“๐“‰ and thatโ€™s what makes this wooden ๐“†ฑ๐“๐“บ piece very unique! I also love this stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ because it shows the two ๐“ป sisters ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“๐“๐“ช Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ and Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“ฅ!

On the left, we see an image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ of the goddess ๐“Šน๐“ Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡, and on the right we see an image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ of the goddess ๐“Šน๐“ Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡. Part of a spell ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“› recited by the two ๐“ป sisters ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“๐“๐“ช are located in the middle of the stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ. I love how symmetrical ancient Egyptian art is!

The crowns on their heads is one of the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช that is used in their names ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ–๐“ฆ (๐“‰ and ๐“Šจ), which makes both Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡ and Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ very easy to identify in Egyptian art.

You can also identity Isis ๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡ and Nephthys ๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ by reading the hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

Starting on the left:

๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ– – Words Spoken By

๐“‰ ๐“๐“†‡ – Nephthys

Now on the right:

๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ– – Words Spoken By

๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡ – Isis

๐“…จ๐“‚‹๐“ – Great One

The Middle:

๐“†“๐“Œƒ๐“๐“ฅ๐“ˆ– – Words Spoken By

๐“…’ – The Two Ladies (Nekhbet and Wadjet)

๐“‡…๐“๐“ญ๐“‡…๐“๐“ – The Two Crowns (๐“‡…๐“‡…๐“๐“ญ๐“๐“ and ๐“‡…๐“‡…๐“๐“ญ๐“†˜๐“†˜ is another way to write this)

๐“ŽŸ๐“ฒ๐“ฆ – Lords/Master

๐“‰๐“บ – House

๐“†– – Eternity

This piece is dated to the Ramesside Period (19th-20th Dynasties, c. 1295โ€“1070 B.C.E.).

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Stela with a Dedication to Anubis

This sandstone ๐“‚‹๐“…ฑ๐“‚ง๐“๐“Œ—๐“ˆ™ piece, located in one of the tiny ๐“ˆ–๐“†“๐“‹ด๐“…ฉ offshoot galleries at the MET is a stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ from the New Kingdom (c. 1400โ€“1390 B.C.E.) with two ๐“ป people, Siamun and Taruy, worshipping Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ! Usually on stelae ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ๐“ช, people are shown worshipping Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ, so seeing Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ on one makes me very happy! 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! I’m going to start on the right, with the cartouche!

(๐“‡ณ๐“ ๐“†ฃ๐“ผ) – Thutmosis IV 

Now, above Anubis: 

๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ – Anubis

๐“ŽŸ – Lord

๐“‡พ๐“ค๐“ˆ…๐“‚ฆ – Sacred Land

Above the Two People: 

๐“‚‹๐“๐“‚ž๐“€ข – Giving Praise

๐“‡‹๐“ˆ– – To

๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“ฒ – Anubis

๐“‡‹๐“ˆ– – by the 

๐“ƒ‚ – Wab Priest

(These hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช are etched out, but probably read โ€œSiamunโ€)

๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“ – Sister

๐“ˆ˜๐“ – Beloved

๐“†‘ – His

๐“๐“„ฟ๐“‚‹๐“ค๐“ญ๐“…ฑ – Taruy

So all ๐“ŽŸ together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š—, the inscription ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ reads: 

โ€œ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ŽŸ๐“‡พ๐“ค๐“ˆ…๐“‚ฆโ€ – Anubis, Lord of the Sacred Land

โ€œ๐“‚‹๐“๐“‚ž๐“€ข๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“ฒ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ƒ‚โ€ฆ๐“Œข๐“ˆ–๐“๐“ˆ˜๐“๐“†‘๐“๐“„ฟ๐“‚‹๐“ค๐“ญ๐“…ฑโ€ – Giving praise to Anubis, by the Wab Priest (Siamun) to his beloved sister Taruy.

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“Beloved of Maat”

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!ย 

This inscription ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ is very simple because it contains the shortened variant of both of the words! 

๐“Œบ – Beloved (๐“Œป๐“‚‹๐“‡Œ)

๐“ง – Maโ€™at (๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง)

I havenโ€™t spoken about Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง in a while, so letโ€™s learn a bit more about her! So why would a pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป want to be the โ€œBeloved of Maat ๐“Œบ๐“ง?โ€

Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง, the goddess ๐“Šน๐“ of truth ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“†„, justice ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“†„๐“œ, harmony and was an extremely important goddess ๐“Šน๐“ in the Egyptian pantheon. 

Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง was not only a goddess ๐“Šน๐“ but also a concept in ancient Egypt ๐“†Ž๐“…“๐“๐“Š– – to live ๐“‹น by Maโ€™at ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง was to always act truthfully and with good intentions, as opposed to chaotically – which is how the ancient Egyptians viewed other societies at the time. The goddess Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง was the personification of these concepts and of cosmic order. 

Being a โ€œBeloved of Maat ๐“Œบ๐“งโ€ was the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป taking the place of Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง in the creation myth. When Ra ๐“‡ณ๐“บ๐“› emerged from the primeval mound, he set his daughter ๐“…ญ๐“ Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง in the place of chaos and to keep cosmic order. One of the roles of the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป was to do the same. 

Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง is always portrayed as having a feather ๐“†„๐“บ on her head, whether in reliefs or even in hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! You can always tell that an image ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ is of Maat ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง by looking for the feather ๐“†„๐“บ! 

Maatโ€™s ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง most important role was in the judgement of the dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ.  The god ๐“Šน Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ข would weigh the heart ๐“‡‹๐“ƒ€๐“„ฃ of the deceased against Maatโ€™s ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ฆ feather ๐“†„ to see if they lived a true ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“†„ and just life ๐“‹น. If the deceasedโ€™s heart  ๐“‡‹๐“ƒ€๐“„ฃ was balanced with the feather ๐“†„, they were declared โ€œtrue of voice ๐“™๐“Šค,โ€ and could meet Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ. 

Also, notice the similarities between all of these words that have to do with Maat – the determinatives are different, which changed the meaning of the word, but they would have been pronounced the same! 

๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“†„ – Truth

๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“†„๐“œ – Justice

๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ง – Maat

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Relief of Anubis

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ I am going to be re-sharing one of my absolute favorite reliefs of Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ! This relief of Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ is from a larger limestone ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“ˆ™๐“Œ‰ piece that was made for Amenemhat Iโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“…“๐“„‚๐“ โ€œHeb Sedโ€ festival,ย  better known as the 30 ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ Year Jubilee!ย 

There are so many amazing facts about Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ข; I could probably write a book about him! Aptly named, โ€œLord of the Necropolis ๐“ŽŸ๐“‡พ๐“‚ฆ๐“ˆŠ,โ€ he was guardian of tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ฆ and cemeteries. Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ข was the god ๐“Šน of mummification ๐“‹ด๐“‚ง๐“๐“…ฑ๐“Ž, and the title โ€œHe who is in the mummy wrappings ๐“‡‹๐“ถ๐“…ฑ๐“๐“Ž๐“Š–โ€œ signifies Anubisโ€™ ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ role in the mummification ๐“‹ด๐“‚ง๐“๐“…ฑ๐“Ž process, which is what he is most known for.ย 

Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ also could act as a guide to souls ๐“‚“๐“‚“๐“‚“ in the Underworld ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“๐“‰(referenced in the Pyramid Texts of Unas ๐“ƒน๐“ˆ–๐“‡‹๐“‹ด). One of his most famous roles is in the Weighing of the Heart, in which the dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ personโ€™s heart ๐“‡‹๐“ƒ€๐“„ฃ would be weighed against Maatโ€™s ๐“™๐“Œด๐“‚ฃ๐“๐“ฆ feather ๐“†„๐“บ by Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ.  Basically, Anubis ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ played a big role in all aspects of a personโ€™s death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ, and death ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ was a huge part of the Egyptian religion. 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช (the ones above Anubisโ€™ ๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฑ๐“ƒฃ head)! This is part of a much larger inscription ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ!

๐“ถ๐“…ฑ๐“๐“Ž- He Who is in the Mummy Wrappings – (the first symbol is cut off in my picture, ๐“‡‹๐“ถ๐“…ฑ๐“๐“Ž๐“Š–, but it actually can be written both ways)

๐“ŽŸ๐“‡ฟ๐“‡ฟ – Lord of the Two Lands (we have seen this one many times before – part of the titles of the pharaoh)!

Categories
Video

Canopic Jars (Video)

@ancientegyptblog

The Four Sons of Horus were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion – usually in a funerary aspect. During the process of mummification ๐“‹ด๐“‚ง๐“๐“…ฑ๐“Ž (which took about 70 ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ days), the embalmers removed the internal organs ๐“‡‹๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“„น๐“ฆ and placed them in Canopic Jars. Each of the four ๐“ฝ jars was for one of the major internal organs ๐“‡‹๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“„น๐“ฆ and each jar had a different head which represented one of the four Sons of Horus. Qebehsenuef ๐“๐“Œข๐“Œข๐“Œข๐“†‘๐“€ญ (falcon head) held/protected the intestines ๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฎ๐“„ฟ๐“ฒ๐“ผ. Hapi ๐“Ž›๐“‘๐“Šช๐“‡Œ๐“€ญ (baboon head) held/protected the lungs ๐“Šƒ๐“Œด๐“„ฅ๐“…ฑ๐“„บ Duamutef ๐“‡ผ๐“…๐“๐“†‘๐“€ญ (jackal head) held/protected the stomach ๐“‚‹๐“„ฃ๐“ป Imseti ๐“‡‹๐“…“๐“Šƒ๐“ฟ๐“€ญ (human head) held/protected the liver ๐“…“๐“Šƒ๐“๐“„น๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ธ For some reason the captions are not working I apologize!! #ancientEgypt #egyptianhistory #egyptologist #egyptology #historytok #themummy1999 #metropolitanmuseumofart #canopicjars #egyptianmythology

โ™ฌ original sound – ancientegyptblog Nicole Lesar

The Four Sons of Horus were an integral part of ancient Egyptian religion – usually in a funerary aspect. 

During the process of mummification ๐“‹ด๐“‚ง๐“๐“…ฑ๐“Ž (which took about 70 ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ๐“ކ days), the embalmers removed the internal organs ๐“‡‹๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“„น๐“ฆ and placed them in Canopic Jars. Each of the four ๐“ฝ jars was for one of the major internal organs ๐“‡‹๐“‚ง๐“‚‹๐“„น๐“ฆ and each jar had a different head which represented one of the four Sons of Horus.

Qebehsenuef ๐“๐“Œข๐“Œข๐“Œข๐“†‘๐“€ญ (falcon head) held/protected the intestines ๐“ˆ–๐“Šช๐“…ฎ๐“„ฟ๐“ฒ๐“ผ. 

Hapi ๐“Ž›๐“‘๐“Šช๐“‡Œ๐“€ญ (baboon head) held/protected the lungs ๐“Šƒ๐“Œด๐“„ฅ๐“…ฑ๐“„บ

Duamutef ๐“‡ผ๐“…๐“๐“†‘๐“€ญ (jackal head) held/protected the stomach ๐“‚‹๐“„ฃ๐“ป

Imseti ๐“‡‹๐“…“๐“Šƒ๐“ฟ๐“€ญ (human head) held/protected the liver ๐“…“๐“Šƒ๐“๐“„น๐“ธ๐“ธ๐“ธ

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Reading Hieroglyphs – Stela of Irethoreru

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! 

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to look at a stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ for a man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€๐“ค named Irethoreru and it is dated to the 25th Dynasty (Third Intermediate Period, c. 775-663 B.C.E.). I have posted about the full stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ in the past, but today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to take a closer look at some of the inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ on it! I like to highlight the titles/epithets associated with Gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน and Goddesses ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“, because they are inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ that you can easily recognize a lot!ย 

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช! We are starting right underneath the solar disc!ย 

๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ – Osiris

๐“‰ผ๐“Šน – Great God (this is actually written backwards and should be โ€œ๐“Šน๐“‰ผโ€)

๐“ŽŸ – Lord

๐“‡ฏ – Sky

๐“‹พ – Ruler

๐“†– – Eternity

All ๐“ŽŸ together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š—, this reads: โ€œOsiris, the Great God, Lord of the Sky, Ruler of Eternity.โ€ โ€œLord of the Sky ๐“ŽŸ๐“‡ฏโ€ is usually Amunโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ title, so itโ€™s interesting to see it associated with Osiris ๐“น๐“Šจ๐“€ญ here! Also, โ€œ๐“‡ฏโ€ can mean the word โ€œabove,โ€ as โ€œskyโ€ is more commonly written as โ€œ๐“Šช๐“๐“‡ฏ.โ€ย 

Hereโ€™s the next inscription: 

๐“Šจ๐“๐“†‡ – Isis

๐“…จ๐“‚‹ – Great One

๐“Šน๐“… – Godโ€™s Mother/Goddess

All ๐“ŽŸ together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š—, this reads: โ€œIsis, the Great One, the Godโ€™s Mother.โ€ 

Next to each Uraeus ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†—, the name ๐“‚‹๐“ˆ– of the city โ€œBehdet ๐“„‘๐“‚ง๐“๐“Š–โ€ (modern day Edfu) is written. Behdet ๐“„‘๐“‚ง๐“๐“Š– is an Egyptian city ๐“Š–๐“บ in Upper Egypt ๐“‡“. Horus of the Winged Disc or โ€œBehdetiteโ€ was the chief god ๐“Šน of the city ๐“Š–๐“บ. 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Gold Statuette of Amun

This gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ statuette ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of the god ๐“Šน Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ is so beautiful ๐“„ค to see in person! In the picture ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“ the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ looks large but it is only about 7 inches (~18cm) tall! This statue is dated to the 22nd Dynasty (c. 945โ€“712 B.C.E.). While the artistic features of the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ definitely reflect this Third Intermediate Period, there are some callbacks to the 18th Dynasty artistic styles (the facial features in particular).ย 

This solid gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ is a very rare example of the statues ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ๐“ช that filled the sanctuaries of the temples ๐“‰Ÿ๐“๐“‰. There is a trace of a loop on Amunโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ crown, which means that this statuette ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ could have been worn by a priest ๐“Šน๐“› or by another statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ. Or, the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ could have been mounted on top of a scepter or standard. The exact use is speculation right now! The color of gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰ was often associated with the sun ๐“†„๐“…ฑ๐“‡ถ, and the skin of the gods ๐“Šน๐“Šน๐“Šน were thought to be made of gold ๐“‹ž๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰๐“ƒ‰. 

Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ is depicted with his flat topped crown, with the characteristic feathers ๐“†„๐“†„๐“†„ having been lost in antiquity. He is wearing the false beard, and is carrying the Ankh ๐“‹น, a symbol of life ๐“‹น๐“ˆ–๐“, in his hand. In the other hand he carries a scimitar ๐“Œ›๐“บ, which in temple reliefs, Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ is usually seen presenting to the pharaoh ๐“‰๐“‰ป. This gift of a scimitar ๐“Œ›๐“บ is usually meant to ensure military victories!

The god ๐“Šน Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ gained popularity during the Middle Kingdom, however, it was during the New Kingdom (18th Dynasty in particular) that Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ became the most important/most prominent god ๐“Šน in the Egyptian pantheon. Amun ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ had many different roles and was worshipped ๐“‡ผ๐“„ฟ๐“€ข as a creator god, solar god, fertility god, warrior god, and king of the gods. Amunโ€™s ๐“‡‹๐“ ๐“ˆ–๐“€ญ is also considered the โ€œuniversal godโ€ meaning that his power permeated the cosmos and all that the cosmos contained! 

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

“King with a White Crown and Flail” Hieroglyph

Letโ€™s read some hieroglyphs ๐“Šน๐“Œƒ๐“ช!ย 

Today ๐“‡๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“‡ณ we are going to look at the โ€œKing with a White Crown and Flail ๐“€ดโ€ symbol! This symbol can act as both a determinative and an ideogram! It can be used as a determinative in the word for โ€œKing ๐“‡“๐“€ดโ€ and also as a determinative for โ€œOsiris ๐“น๐“‡“๐“€ด.โ€

The โ€œKing with a White Crown and Flail ๐“€ดโ€ symbol is also one the many symbols that can be used as an ideogram to solely represent the word for โ€œKing ๐“€ดโ€ in both titles and phrases. 

The โ€œKing with a White Crown and Flail ๐“€ดโ€ symbol is a variant of the symbol โ€œKing With a White Crown ๐“€ฒโ€ and the two symbols can usually be used interchangeably with each other in inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ! 

Here are some ways we can use โ€œ๐“€ดโ€ in inscriptions ๐“Ÿ๐“›๐“ฅ! 

๐“‡“๐“๐“€ด – King of Upper Egypt/King

๐“†ค๐“๐“€ด/๐“†ค๐“๐“€ด๐“ฅ – King of Lower Egypt/King

๐“€ด – King

๐“น๐“‡“๐“€ด – Osiris/The Osiris King

๐“น๐“Šจ๐“‚‹๐“€ด – Osiris

So if you see the โ€œKing with a White Crown and Flail ๐“€ดโ€ symbol in an inscription, you are probably looking at a word that has to do with either a King or Osiris! 

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Magical Stelae – “Cippus”

These pieces are known as Magical Stelae, or a Cippus.

The Cippus depicts Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ (or technically Harpokrates ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ๐“…ฎ๐“„ฟ๐“„ก๐“‚‹๐“‚ง๐“€”๐“€ญ, the Greek version of Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ) standing on two ๐“ป crocodiles ๐“…“๐“‹ด๐“Ž›๐“†Œ๐“ฅ and holding other dangerous animals such as snakes ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†˜๐“ช and scorpions ๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“†ซ๐“ช in each hand. The god ๐“Šน Bes ๐“ƒ€๐“‹ด๐“„œ also appears above Horusโ€™ ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ head ๐“ถ๐“บ. Bes ๐“ƒ€๐“‹ด๐“„œ was known to ward off evil ๐“ƒ€๐“‡‹๐“ˆ–๐“๐“…จ and bad luck.ย 

Normally, stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ were used to commemorate the dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ so a Cippus is almost like a protective amulet ๐“А๐“Šช๐“…† in the form of a stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ. This Cippus was used by the living ๐“†ฃ๐“‚‹๐“€€๐“ช for protection ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ. Since the Old Kingdom, Horus ๐“…ƒ๐“€ญ was called upon as a defender against snake ๐“‡‹๐“‚๐“‚‹๐“๐“†˜ or scorpion ๐“‹ด๐“‚‹๐“ˆŽ๐“๐“†ซ bites. Placing the Cippus on a wound would evoke its magical ๐“Ž›๐“‚“๐“„ฟ๐“œ and healing powers. Cippus stela ๐“Ž—๐“…ฑ๐“†“๐“‰ธ like this were usually kept in homes ๐“‰๐“ฆ due to their protective nature.

Cippus pieces have also been found in tombs ๐“‡‹๐“ซ๐“Šƒ๐“‰๐“ช, so we can assume that the Egyptians thought it not only would help protect ๐“…“๐“‚๐“Žก๐“€œ the living ๐“†ฃ๐“‚‹๐“€€๐“ช , but the dead ๐“…“๐“๐“ฑ too. 

One thing I love about this display at the Louvre is now all of the Cippus pieces are together ๐“ˆ–๐“Š— in one single case! I also think the one in the middle, the statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ of the man ๐“Šƒ๐“€€๐“ค holding a Cippus is very unique; this was the first time I saw a statue ๐“๐“…ฑ๐“๐“€พ like that!