Tag: hathor

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Egyptian Artifacts

Head of Hathor at the Louvre

This limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ sculpture of the head of the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Hathor 𓉑 is one of my favorite pieces that I saw in the Louvre because the intricate details are just striking. This piece is dated to the Ptolemaic Period, and used to be part of a column.Β 

Head of Hathor
Head of Hathor at the Louvre

Hathor 𓉑 is one of the most prominent goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ of the Egyptian pantheon. Along with Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯, she is regarded as the β€œGod’s mother π“…π“π“ŠΉβ€ of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, but is also the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of love π“ˆ˜π“, joy 𓄫𓄣𓏏, music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ, and dance π“‚‹π“…±π“‚»- basically the fun things in life! 

Hathor 𓉑 is usually associated with cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒π“ͺ and can take the form of a cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 in many forms of Egyptian art. One detail that I love about this piece is that Hathor 𓉑 is shown with her cow ears! It is very common to see Hathor 𓉑 with her cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 ears in art! 

Another detail that I love is how her wig 𓄿𓂋𓏏𓁸 is decorated with rosettes π“‡¬π“ˆ–π“ƒ€! The carvings are in raised relief, which only makes them stand out more. The work of the ancient Egyptian artists is truly incredible and never fails to amaze me!

Head of Hathor
Me with the Head of Hathor at the Louvre

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Follow me @ancientegyptblog on Instagram and TikTok to learn all about ancient Egypt, hieroglyphs, mythology, culture and more!

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Egyptian Artifacts Reading Hieroglyphs

Sistrums with Hathor

Music π“‰”π“‡Œπ“†Έ and musicians were highly regarded in ancient Egyptian culture. I love music π“‰”π“‡Œπ“†Έ, and music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ is something that I cannot live without! This is a sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£, which is a musical instrument from ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– that is similar to a modern rattle or tambourine.Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A faience sistrum with Hathor from the Ptolemaic Period

Since Hathor 𓉑 was the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ, she was portrayed on most sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ in her human form! However, even though Hathor 𓉑 is represented as a woman π“Šƒπ“π“‚‘π“π“, she is recognized easily because of her characteristic cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 ears!Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A closeup view of the sistrum with Hathor’s face! See if you can spot her cow ears!

I love these two sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ pictured below because while they are both from the Ptolemaic Period, they look so different! One of the sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ is made of blue 𓇅𓆓𓏛 faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό while the other is made of silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰.Β 

Sistrums with Hathor
A blue faience sistrum (front) and a silver sistrum (back) both with Hathor’s face on it from the Ptolemaic Period.

Fun fact: in ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰ was actually considered to be more valuable because it was harder to obtain through trade! Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– does not naturally have a lot of silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰!

The silver π“Œ‰π“‹žπ“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰π“ƒ‰ sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£ has hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on the handle, however they are very hard to read due to cracks and natural wear. The blue 𓇅𓆓𓏛 faience π“‹£π“ˆ–π“π“Έπ“Ό one has hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ that are much easier to read! 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

𓅭𓇳 – Son of Ra

π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“ˆπ“ˆ – Lord of Appearances

π“Šͺπ“π“―π“ƒ­π“π“‡Œπ“‹΄ – Ptolemaios (Ptolemy I)

π“‹Ή – Life

𓏇 – Like

𓇳𓏺 – Ra 

π“Ž›π“‡³π“Ž› – Eternity

𓆖 – Eternity

When π“Ž›π“‡³π“Ž› and 𓆖 are used in the same phrase, it’s usually translated as β€œEverlasting Eternity” instead of β€œEternity Eternity.” 

Another way to write β€œLord of Appearances” is like this – π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯ – using three strokes β€œπ“₯” instead of repeating the β€œsun over the horizon π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“ˆπ“ˆβ€ hieroglyph three times! Both of these ways are the correct way to write the phrase, however the three strokes β€œπ“₯” is usually used more because it takes up less space! 

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost. 

Follow me @ancientegyptblog on Instagram and TikTok to learn all about ancient Egypt, hieroglyphs, mythology, culture and more!

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Video

Cow, Beautiful Woman, or Both? – Video

Did you know that the word for β€œcow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒” and β€œbeautiful woman 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐” are the same in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ/the Middle Egyptian language? Well now you do! This is one of my absolute favorite β€œfun facts” about hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ and it has been since I was a little girl!

Cow and Beautiful Woman hieroglyphs video on YouTube!

The root of both of these words is β€œπ“„€π“†‘π“‚‹β€ which would probably be pronounced like β€œnefer.” This word could mean perfect, beautiful, or good in Middle Egyptian! Adding the β€œπ“β€ to the end of the word makes it feminine, and then the determinative symbol distinguishes the meaning! So β€œπ“„€π“†‘π“‚‹π“β€ could also mean a beautiful woman or beautiful/perfect! 

Both β€œcow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒” and β€œbeautiful woman 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐” would have probably been pronounced like β€œneferet” due to the addition of the uniliteral phonogram of β€œπ“β€ which would have been pronounced like a β€œt.” In order to make words pronounceable in modern times, a lot of Egyptologists/linguists will add a soft β€œe” sound in between the consonants!Β Β 

I love learning little things like this about the culture of ancient Egypt! It’s incredible what a language can tell us!

You can also watch the video on TikTok!

@ancientegyptblog

Did you know that the word for β€œcow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒” and β€œbeautiful woman 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐” are the same in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ/the Middle Egyptian language? Well now you do! This is one of my absolute favorite β€œfun facts” about hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ and it has been since I was a little girl! The root of both of these words is β€œπ“„€π“†‘π“‚‹β€ which would probably be pronounced like β€œnefer.” This word could mean perfect, beautiful, or good in Middle Egyptian! Adding the β€œπ“β€ to the end of the word makes it feminine, and then the determinative symbol distinguishes the meaning! So β€œπ“„€π“†‘π“‚‹π“β€ could also mean a beautiful woman or beautiful/perfect! Both β€œcow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒” and β€œbeautiful woman 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐” would have probably been pronounced like β€œneferet” due to the addition of the uniliteral phonogram of β€œπ“β€ which would have been pronounced like a β€œt.” In order to make words pronounceable in modern times, a lot of Egyptologists/linguists will add a soft β€œe” sound in between the consonants! This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost. #ancientegypt #egyptianhistory #egyptologist #letsreadsomehieroglyphs #hieroglyphs #hieroglyphics #languagelearning #egypt #hathor #metropolitanmuseumofart #historytok

♬ original sound – ancientegyptblog Nicole Lesar

This is my personal video and original text. DO NOT repost.Β 

@ancientegyptblogΒ onΒ InstagramΒ andΒ TikTok

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Egyptian Artifacts

Sistrum with the Face of Hathor

Hathor 𓉑 is one of the most prominent goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ of the Egyptian pantheon. Along with Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯, she is regarded as the β€œGod’s mother π“…π“π“ŠΉβ€ of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, but is also the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of love π“ˆ˜π“, joy 𓄫𓄣𓏏, music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ, and dance π“‚‹π“…±π“‚»- basically the fun things in life!Β 

Sistrum
Two sistrums with Hathor’s face on them at the Louvre

In some variations of Egyptian mythology, Hathor 𓉑 is also the wife 𓂑𓏏𓁐 of Horus π“…ƒπ“€­, and the daughter 𓅭𓏏 of Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛. Hathor 𓉑 is usually associated with cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒π“ͺ and can take the form of a cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 in many forms of Egyptian art. 

The piece above is a sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£, which is a musical instrument from ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–. A sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£ was a musical instrument that is similar to a modern rattle or tambourine. Since Hathor 𓉑 was the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ, she was portrayed on most sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ in her human form! However, even though Hathor 𓉑 is represented as a woman π“Šƒπ“π“‚‘π“π“, she is recognized easily because of her characteristic cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 ears! 

Music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ was essential to many religious rituals, so it was considered to be extremely important! There is even a word in Middle Egyptian just for β€œSistrum Player/Music Priest: π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡‹π“Œ‚β€!!! 

I love music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ and it is something that brings me so much joy 𓄫𓄣𓏏! I love how Hathor 𓉑 is associated with both of these things, because I do truly think that music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ and joy 𓄫𓄣𓏏 are linked together π“ˆ–π“Š— – and I’m sure that the ancient Egyptian people did too!

BTS 𓃀𓏏𓋴 and Il Volo 𓇋𓃭 𓆑𓍯𓃭𓍯 are my absolute favorite artists and I love π“ˆ˜π“ listening to their music π“‡‹π“Ž›π“‡Œ! What I love π“ˆ˜π“ about BTS 𓃀𓏏𓋴 most are their lyrics – they have written some truly beautiful π“„€ songs!Β 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Limestone Relief of Hathor as a Cow

This little limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ relief of Hathor 𓉑 as a cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 at the Louvre is very small π“ˆ–π“†“π“‹΄π“…© and simple but I love it! One of the reasons I love Hathor 𓉑 so much is because I love cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 – not only they adorable, even today they are a life source for humans!Β 

Hathor as a cow, with her characteristic crown on her head!

In ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 were venerated π“„ͺπ“π“‡Œ and thought of as divine π“ŠΉ long before 7000 B.C.E. – which is when archaeologists believe the domestication of cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 took place. Some historians think that the reverence for cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 in ancient Egypt started during the Neolithic times, and since cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 were so vital to culture and life π“‹Ή, their importance persisted in the forms of early goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ such as Hathor 𓉑, Nut π“Œπ“π“‡―π“€­ and Neith π“ˆ–π“π“‹Œπ“€­. Cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 gave milk, and thus life, just like women 𓂑𓏏𓁐π“ͺ, hence why they were so revered π“„ͺπ“π“‡Œ! 

Hathor 𓉑 can be easily recognized in Egyptian art because she will either be represented as a cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒, or as a beautiful woman with a solar disc 𓇳 and cow horns π“„‹ as her crown. Even when she is in cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 form, Hathor 𓉑 will have her characteristic crown on her head, as seen in this relief! As Egyptian religion evolved, the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯ adopted this same crown, so it is difficult to tell them apart in later period art – that is where hieroglyphs come in handy π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! 

Even in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ, the words for cow and beautiful are linked – look below at how similar β€œcow” and β€œbeautiful” are – even β€œcow” and β€œbeautiful woman” are the same word – only the determinative different so it would have been pronounced the same! I think this connection to language just demonstrates how important cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 were to the Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ. 

𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 – Cow

𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐 – Beautiful Woman

𓄀𓆑𓂋 – Beautiful

The hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on this particular relief are cut off, but β€œπ“ŽŸπ“β€ is the word for all, or Lady/Mistress!Β 

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Reading Hieroglyphs Video

Video – The Goddess Hathor in Hieroglyphs!

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! 

This is the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– of the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Hathor 𓉑 in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! I’m sure you can see this, but Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is unique compared to that of the other deities π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ! This is because her name is written with a composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ! A composite hieroglyph π“ŠΉπ“Œƒ is the combination of many symbols into one symbol! Even with the combination of the symbols, the sounds of the original symbol are still retained! 

Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– is the combination of an enclosure (house) 𓉗 and the falcon π“…ƒ. 

𓉗 +π“…ƒ = 𓉑 

Het (𓉗) + Heru (π“…ƒ) = 𓉑 

If the two 𓏻 symbols were written separately, we would actually read Hathor’s 𓉑 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– as β€œHouse of Horus” or β€œEstate of Horus” (depending on how you translated the 𓉗 hieroglyph) – so that is the literal translation of her name π“‚‹π“ˆ–! 

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Relief of Seti I and Hathor

This is such a beautiful π“„€ relief and it is actually from the tomb π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰ of Seti I 𓇳𓁦𓏠! The tomb π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰ of Seti I 𓇳𓁦𓏠 is the largest in the Valley of the Kings and it is also my Nonno’s favorite of all the tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“ͺ! This relief is now located at the Louvre in France.

The relief shows Seti I 𓇳𓁦𓏠 and the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Hathor 𓉑. Hathor 𓉑 was known as the Lady of the West π“ŽŸπ“π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ (the underworld 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐). The West π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ and the Underworld 𓇼𓄿𓏏𓉐 were equated by the ancient Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ because the sun 𓇳𓏺 set in the west π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ! This is why all of the Egyptian tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“ͺ are located on the western π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ side of the Nile!

Here, Hathor 𓉑 is seen welcoming Seti I 𓇳𓁦𓏠 into her domain, while offering him a menat necklace π“ π“ˆ–π“‡‹π“π“‹§, which was a symbol of protection π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ. They are even holding hands 𓂧𓏏𓏺!

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

𓉑 – Hathor
π“Άπ“·π“π“π“Š–π“‹† – Chief one of Thebes
π“ŽŸπ“‡Ώπ“‡Ώ – Lord of the Two Lands
(𓇳𓁦𓏠) – Menmaatra (throne name – β€œEternal is the Truth of Ra”)
π“ŽŸπ“ˆπ“₯ – Lord of Appearances
(π“Šͺπ“π“Ž›π“΅π“‡Œπ“ˆ˜π“ˆ–) – Seti, Beloved of Ptah (birth name – this is an uncommon variant that uses the Osiris 𓁡 symbol instead of the Seth 𓁣 symbol)
𓏙𓋹𓇳𓏇𓏺𓆖 – Given Eternal Life, Like Ra

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Egyptian Artifacts

Cow Statue of the Goddess Hathor


I am with a statue π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύ of a cow’s 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 head, which of course is representative of the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ Hathor 𓉑.

Hathor 𓉑 is one of the most prominent goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ of the Egyptian pantheon. Along with Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯, she is regarded as the β€œdivine mother” of the pharaoh 𓉐𓉻, but is also the goddess π“ŠΉπ“ of love, joy, music, and dance – basically the fun things in life! Hathor is also the wife of Horus π“…ƒπ“€­, and the daughter of Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛. Hathor 𓉑 is usually associated with cows 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒𓏦 and can take the form of a cow 𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 in many forms of Egyptian art.

Fun fact: the words β€œbeautiful woman” and β€œcow” are super similar in hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ- only the determinative at the end is different! They are even pronounced the same (nfrt) Why? Probably because of Hathor 𓉑! I find this hysterical – you probably don’t want to mess these two words up (in English at least πŸ˜‚). Even my family knows this fact about hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ, because I bring it up all the time!!

𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓁐 (beautiful woman)
𓄀𓆑𓂋𓏏𓃒 (cow)

Categories
Egyptian Artifacts

Sistrum of Hathor

Hathor 𓉑 was the goddess of music, and music has been something that I have loved throughout my entire life. From listening to classic Italian music with my Nonno, to discovering artists myself, music has always been healing to me. I cannot go a day without listening to my favorite artists. Music has not only been essential to my life, but it was also culturally essential in ancient Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–!

The piece in the picture is a sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£ with Hathor’s 𓉑 head depicted. A sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£ was almost like an ancient tambourine or rattle – while the part that makes the music is often not found intact, the handle with Hathor’s 𓉑 face usually is. Sistrums π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£π“ͺ can be found dating back to the Old Kingdom, but most that are found are usually from the Late – Graeco/Roman periods. We don’t know much about the songs that were sung in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š– because the Egyptians π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ did not have any form of musical notation, however, archaeologists have been able to replicate various types of instruments based on archaeological findings and try to figure out how they would sound! Musicians were often associated with a temple π“‰Ÿπ“π“‰ or a particular god π“ŠΉ/goddess π“ŠΉπ“, and they usually held a decently high place in the social hierarchy.

My absolute favorite artists are No Doubt, Il Volo, BTS, and One Direction! I also listen to a lot of other Italian artists, Broadway cast recordings, and classic rock music! Do you guys have some favorite musicians that you listen to?

Categories
Reading Hieroglyphs

Pylon Shaped Stela of Rameses II

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

TodayΒ π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³Β we are going to be looking at a β€œPylon Shaped Stela of Rameses II” (c.Β 1279–1213 B.C.E.) at the MET. This piece is made of limestoneΒ π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰Β and describes Rameses IIΒ π“‡³π“„Šπ“§π“‡³π“‰π“ˆ–!Β 

Here is the left two columns:

π“©π“›π“ˆ˜π“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ – Rameses II (Birth Name)

𓉑 – Hathor

π“ŽŸπ“ – Lady 

𓆭𓏏 – Sycamore 

𓇔𓏏 – Southern 

π“ŒΊ – Beloved 

Put all together, this inscription reads: β€œRameses II, Beloved of Hathor, Lady of the Southern Sycamore.” 

Here are the right two columns: 

π“‡³π“„Šπ“§π“‡³π“‰π“ˆ– – Rameses II (Throne Name)

𓉑 – Hathor

π“ŽŸπ“ – Lady 

π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠ – West

π“ŒΊ – Beloved 

Put all together, this inscription reads: β€œRameses II, Beloved of Hathor, Lady of the West.” 

Hathor π“‰‘ has the title β€œLady of the West π“ŽŸπ“π“‹€π“π“π“ˆŠβ€ because of her roles was to provide peace and solace to the souls π“‚“π“‚“π“‚“ of the deceased π“…“𓏏𓏱 as they entered the afterlife π“‡Όπ“„Ώπ“π“‰. Many people obviously associate Hathor π“‰‘ with love, joy π“„«π“π“„£, music π“‰”π“‡Œπ“†Έ etc, but she was also a prominent funerary goddess π“ŠΉπ“! 

Hathor π“‰‘ has the title β€œLady of the Southern Sycamore π“ŽŸπ“π“†­π“π“‡”𓏏” or just β€œLady of the Sycamore π“ŽŸπ“π“ˆ–𓉔𓏏𓆭” because the sycamore tree π“ˆ–𓉔𓏏𓆭 was one of the native trees in Egypt π“†Žπ“…“π“π“Š–, and it grew at the edge of the desert π“…Ÿπ“‚‹π“π“ˆŠ! This would put it near necropolises, tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“¦ etc, so it was associated with the dead π“…“𓏏𓏱! Hathor π“‰‘ was considered one of the tree goddesses π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“, along with Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯ and Nut π“Œπ“π“‡―π“€­.