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Reading Hieroglyphs

Stela of Semin

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! 

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at the funerary stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ of a bowman π“Œ”π“π“ΊΒ  named Semin! This limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ depicts Semin holding a bow π“Œ”π“Ί in one hand and arrows in the other. This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ has hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on the top and right sides.

This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ is dated to the 11th Dynasty (First Intermediate Period c. 2120–2051 B.C.E.).Β 

Stela of Semin
The Stela of Semin at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

We are going to start reading the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ from the top left, and then continue reading down the column on the right. Below is the full inscription π“Ž˜π“…±π“Ž–:

Top: π“‰“π“†Όπ“π“Šπ“†Όπ“ƒΎπ“…Ώπ“±π“†Όπ“‹²π“π“†Όπ“π“π“Š΅π“ŽŸπ“π“„€π“†‘π“‚‹

Right: π“π“ƒ€π“ˆ–π“„ͺπ“π“…±π“π“‚‹π“ŠΉπ“‰Όπ“ŽŸπ“Šͺ𓏏𓇯 π“Šƒ_π“Šͺπ“€— π“‡‹π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“›π“Š€π“…±

Let’s break it down:

𓉓 – A Voice Offering 

π“†Όπ“π“Š – A thousand bread and beer 

𓆼𓃾𓅿𓍱 – A thousand ox and fowl and alabaster

𓆼𓋲𓏏 – A thousand linen 

𓆼 – A thousand 

π“π“π“Š΅π“ŽŸπ“ – Everything 

𓄀𓆑𓂋 – Good 

𓏏𓃀 – Pure (β€œWab” is replaced by a weird symbol here – this is the more common one: 𓃂)

π“ˆ– – For

π“„ͺ𓐍𓅱 – Venerated One

𓐍𓂋 – Before

π“ŠΉπ“‰Ό – Great God

π“ŽŸ – Lord

π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯 – Heaven/Sky

π“Šƒ_π“Šͺπ“€— – Semin (I can’t read the second symbol)

π“‡‹π“ˆŽπ“‚‹π“›- Excellent

π“Š€π“…± – True of Voice

All π“ŽŸ together π“ˆ–π“Š—, the full translation is: β€œA Voice OfferingΒ  of a thousand bread and beer, a thousand ox and fowl and alabaster, a thousand linen, a thousand of everything good and pure for the venerated one before the great god, lord of heaven, Semin the excellent, true of voice.” 

It’s interesting that this stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ doesn’t start with the first part of the Offering Formula, “An Offering the King Gives… π“‡“π“π“Š΅π“™,” and it may be due to spacing issues, as there was not much space available for the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on this stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ. The spacing issues are indicated by the arrangement of the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ.

This is my personal photograph and original text. DO NOT repost without permission.

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Stela of Aafenmut

Today π“‡π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‡³ we are going to look at a wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ that is dated to the Third Intermediate Period (c. 924–889 B.C.E., 22nd Dynasty) which belonged to a man π“Šƒπ“€€π“€ named Aafenmut π“‰»π“†‘π“ˆ–π“π“…π“†‡. This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ shows a typical funerary stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ offering π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 scene, and this style of stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ was very popular during this time period. I love this particular style because it is so colorful!Β This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC.

The Solar Barge 𓂧π“Šͺπ“π“Šž is shown at the top of the stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ and the Solar Barge 𓂧π“Šͺπ“π“Šž represents Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 journey across the sky π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯. Ra’s 𓇳𓏺𓁛 journey is supposed to be representative of his birth/resurrection (sunrise), growth (day) and then death (sunset). In between Aafenmut π“‰»π“†‘π“ˆ–π“π“…π“†‡ and Ra-Horakhty π“…Šπ“”π“”π“€ is a table filled with offerings π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 of bread 𓏏𓏐, fruit, and flowers 𓆼𓅱𓆰𓏦.Β 

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ! 

π“…Šπ“”π“”π“€ – Ra-Horakhty

π“ŠΉπ“‰Ό – Great God

π“ŽŸ – Lord

𓇯 – Sky/Heaven

π“‚ž – Give

𓆑 – He

π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓐍𓏛- Offerings

𓐝 – To

π“Š©π“Ή – Osiris

𓐝 – To

π“ž – Scribe

π“Ίπ“‰π“Œ‰π“Ίπ“‰ – Treasury

π“‰»π“†‘π“ˆ–π“π“…π“†‡ – Aafenmut

π“™π“Š€ – True of Voice (Justified)

So all π“ŽŸ together π“ˆ–π“Š—, this inscription π“Ž˜π“…±π“Ž– reads: β€œRa-Horakhty, the Great God, Lord of the Sky/Heaven, may he give offerings to Osiris, to the scribe of the treasury, Aafenmut, True of Voice.” 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Graeco-Roman Stela

This is certainly an interesting stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ for sure!

This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ is made of limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ but the craftsmanship is kind of…off! This is very typical for work from the time period (1st Century B.C.E. – 4th Century A.D.). During the Greek and Roman periods, objects like amulets π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…†π“ͺ, stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ, statues π“„šπ“ˆ–π“π“­π“€Ύπ“ͺ, and more were so mass produced that the craftsmanship suffered. Let’s take a look at what is going on!Β 

The top section of the stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ seems to be trying to follow the traditional Egyptian way – the winged π“‚§π“Œ³π“π“†ƒ sun disc 𓇳𓏺 and the Uraeus π“‡‹π“‚π“‚‹π“π“†— are roughly carved but are definitely there! This design is known as β€œ Horus the Behdetite” and is a representation of Horus π“…ƒπ“€­ that is popular on stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ. Under that, two 𓏻 jackals π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯𓏦 are depicted! 

In the middle section, from the left, Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 is depicted holding an ankh π“‹Ή or key which most likely symbolizes his association with/ability to access the underworld (a very Graeco-Roman version of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣)! Then the four 𓏽 people to the right of Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 are identified by the Greek inscription below: “Pekysis, son of Aruotes, and his brother Pachoumis; Tbaikis the elder and Tbaikis the younger.” Pekysis is thought to be the man holding the torch! Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ is depicted all the way on the right! 

Thanks to the MET for the Greek translation because I certainly don’t speak Greek! 

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Egyptian Artifacts

Stela of Sobekhotep

This is the stelaΒ π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰ΈΒ of a man named Sobekhotep π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“ŠͺΒ who was a scribe that worked at a wine cellar! This stelaΒ π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰ΈΒ is dated to the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) and the reign of Amenhotep IIIΒ π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“Š΅π“‹Ύπ“‹†Β (c. 1390-1352 B.C.E.).Β This stela is at the British museum.

The stela π“Ž—𓅱𓆓𓉸 is divided into three 𓏼 different sections. On the top, Sobekhotep π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ and his wife π“‚‘𓏏𓁐 are worshipping Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ (right) and Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 (left). Sobekhotep π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ and his wife π“‚‘𓏏𓁐 have their arms raised, which is how it is interpreted that they are worshipping π“‡Όπ“„Ώπ“€’ those gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ. Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ and Anubis π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“Šͺ𓅱𓃣 are the two 𓏻 gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ that are generally worshipped π“‡Όπ“„Ώπ“€’ on funerary stelae π“Ž—𓅱𓆓𓉸π“ͺ because they are the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ most associated with death π“…“𓏏𓏱 and the afterlife π“‡Όπ“„Ώπ“π“‰. 

In the middle section, Sobekhotep π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ, his wife π“‚‘𓏏𓁐 and one daughter 𓅭𓏏 are receiving offerings π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 presented by four 𓏽 of their sons π“…­π“¦. More sons π“…­π“¦ and daughters π“…­π“π“¦ appear in the scene on the bottom of the stela π“Ž—𓅱𓆓𓉸. The family π“…•π“‰”𓅱𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏦 was an extremely important part of ancient Egyptian π“†Žπ“π“€€π“π“ͺ life π“‹Ή and culture, as was religion, which is why funerary stelae π“Ž—𓅱𓆓𓉸π“ͺ usually represented both. 

As a side note, I really love Sobekhotep’s π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ name π“‚‹π“ˆ–! 

𓆋 – Sobek

π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ – Hotep (peace, satisfied, etc)

So the name π“‚‹π“ˆ– Sobekhotep π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ can be translated to β€œSobek is satisfied.” Can you find Sobekhotep’s π“†‹π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ name π“‚‹π“ˆ– on the stela π“Ž—𓅱𓆓𓉸? (Hint: the name usually appears next to the person)!!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Stela of Takhenemet

Painted wooden 𓆱𓏏𓏺 stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ first became appeared during the 18th Dynasty, but didn’t become popular until the 21st Dynasty. This particular stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ is from the 25th Dynasty and was found at Thebes π“Œ€π“π“Š–. Usually these stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ were put in the burial chamber with the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱.

Stela of Takhenemet at the Brooklyn Museum

This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ shows a woman named Takhenemet who is paying homage to the god π“ŠΉ Ra-Horakty π“…Šπ“”π“”π“€. Ra-Horkaty π“…Šπ“”π“”π“€ is the merging of the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ Ra 𓇳𓏺𓁛 and Horus π“…ƒπ“€­. Here, Ra-Horkaty π“…Šπ“”π“”π“€ is actually dressed like Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ would be traditionally dressed. During this period, the merging of deities was very common.

What’s interesting about the stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ from this period is usually the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 is paying homage to a god π“ŠΉ with help from another deity, however, here Takhenemet is not accompanied by another god π“ŠΉ ; she is alone. This is probably just a style change, but it is interesting to note!

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Egyptian Artifacts

Sandstone Stela of Rameses II

This is a large sandstone stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ of Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“.

Sandstone Stela of Rameses II at the Brooklyn Museum

The hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ talk about how Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ founded the town of Meriamun, and how he established the cult of Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– there. The stela was a way to commemorate Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ presenting statues to the temple π“‰Ÿπ“π“‰ of Amun-Ra π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“Ίπ“‡³.

The image 𓏏𓅱𓏏 shows (from left to right) Mut 𓏏𓄿𓀭, Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–, and Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“. Rameses II can be seen wearing the blue crown, also known as the khepresh π“†£π“‚‹π“ˆ™π“‹™ crown which was very popular among New Kingdom pharaohs 𓉐𓉻! Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ is receiving symbols of kingship (the crook π“‹Ύ) from the god π“ŠΉ Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–. This is meant to represent that Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– saw Rameses II π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ as a legitimate ruler! The pharaohs 𓉐𓉻 believed that they were direct descendants of Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–(in the 18th – 19th Dynasties Amun π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ– kind of replaces Horus π“…ƒπ“€­ in popularity as king of the gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ) and that they were gods π“ŠΉπ“ŠΉπ“ŠΉ on Earth.

This stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ is quite large (I’m 5’5”)! It was also really cool that five 𓏾 of Rameses II’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ˆ˜π“‡³π“Ίπ“„Ÿπ“‹΄π“‡“ names appear on this stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ! This was probably meant to show that while he was a divine figure, he also had very human qualities!

Sandstone Stela of Rameses II at the Brooklyn Museum (and me)!
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Reading Hieroglyphs

Reading Hieroglyphs from the Stela of Hatshepsut

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!!!

Today I’m going to focus on one of my favorite pieces – the Stela of Pharaoh Hatshepsut! I’m sure it comes as no surprise to many of you that this is one of my favorites! I have been obsessed with Hatshepsut π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“ŽΉπ“π“„‚π“π“€Όπ“ͺ since I was a kid, and getting to see this stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ up close was a dream come true.

Close-up of the Stela of Hatshepsut at the Vatican Museum.

You can see two cartouches – Hatshepsut’s throne name Maatkare (𓇳𓁦𓂓) and Thutmosis III’s throne name Menkhepra (𓇳𓏠𓆣). In between the two cartouches is the phrase β€œπ“™π“‹Ήπ“‡³π“Ίπ“‡β€ which translates to β€œGiven life like Ra.”

β€œπ“™π“‹Ήπ“‡³π“Ίπ“‡β€ can also be written as β€œπ“™π“‹Ήπ“‡³π“‡β€ (the 𓏺 hieroglyph is missing). So why did the artist carve the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ this way? It’s for the aesthetics – to make the symbols line up properly and take up the right amount of space!

What’s also cool is β€œπ“™π“‹Ήπ“‡³π“Ίπ“‡β€ can be used before either of the cartouches! Usually this phrase is put before a pharaoh’s 𓉐𓉻 name π“‚‹π“ˆ– but since these symbols are non-directional they can be used either right to left or left to right. What a way to maximize space on the stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ!

Fun fact: You can tell which direction to read the hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ on any piece based on the direction a bird is pointing! Since this bird (π“…­) is pointing to the left, the symbols would be read from left to right.

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Egyptian Artifacts

Magical Stela (Cippus)

This is known as a Magical Stela, or a cippus. It depicts Horus π“…ƒπ“€­(or Harpokrates, the Greek version of Horus π“…ƒπ“€­) standing on two 𓏻 crocodiles π“…“π“‹΄π“Ž›π“†Œπ“₯ and holding other dangerous animals such as snakes π“‡‹π“‚π“‚‹π“π“†˜π“ͺ and scorpions π“‹΄π“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“†«π“ͺ in each hand. The god Bes π“ƒ€π“‹΄π“„œ also appears above Horus’ π“…ƒπ“€­ head 𓁢𓏺. Bes π“ƒ€π“‹΄π“„œ was known to ward off evil and bad luck.

Magical Stela (Cippus) at the MET

Normally, stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ were used to commemorate the dead so this is almost like a protective amulet π“Šπ“Šͺπ“…† in the form of a stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ. This cippus was used by the living for protection π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ. Since the Old Kingdom, Horus π“…ƒπ“€­ was called upon as a defender against snake or scorpion bites. Placing the cippus on a wound would evoke its magical and healing powers. Cippus stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ like this were usually kept in homes 𓉐𓏺.

However, cippus pieces have also been found in tombs π“‡‹π“«π“Šƒπ“‰π“ͺ, so we can assume that the Egyptians thought it not only would help protect π“…“π“‚π“Ž‘π“€œ the living, but the dead too.

Fun fact! The Middle Egyptian word for scorpion is π“‹΄π“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“†« which can be pronounced like β€œSerket.” Serket π“‹΄π“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“†« was a goddess π“ŠΉπ“ who was represented by a scorpion and she was associated with healing, protection, and magic. Serket π“‹΄π“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“†« could also be written like this: π“Šƒπ“‚‹π“ˆŽπ“π“.

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Reading Hieroglyphs

Stela for Irethoreru

This is a stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ for a man π“Šƒπ“€€π“€ named Irethoreru and it is dated to the 25th Dynasty (Third Intermediate Period, c. 775-663 B.C.E.). This stela is composed of the igneous rock π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‚‹π“ˆ™ syenite, which is very similar to granite π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“ˆ–π“Œ³π“Ώ except for the fact that it contains much less quartz π“ π“ˆ–π“Œπ“ˆ™. This property is what allows such beautiful π“„€ color contrast between the rock π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“‚‹π“ˆ™ itself versus the sunken relief. The contrast between the two 𓏻 makes this stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ particularly stunning in my opinion.

On the right side, we can see Irethoreru making an offering π“Š΅π“π“Šͺ𓏏𓏔𓏦 to Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ and Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯. All three 𓏼 figures are standing underneath Horus the Behdetite (the winged solar disc with uraei 𓇋𓂝𓂋𓏏𓆗), which is a representation of Horus π“…ƒπ“€­ that was popular on stelae π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έπ“ͺ and temple decorations throughout many Egyptian time periods.

Let’s read some hieroglyphs π“ŠΉπ“Œƒπ“ͺ!

π“Š¨π“π“†‡ – Isis (Isis is more commonly written like this β€œπ“Š¨π“π“₯β€œ or β€œ π“Š¨π“π“†‡π“₯”)
π“…¨π“‚‹ – Great One
π“ŠΉπ“… – God’s Mother/Goddess

π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ – β€œOsiris”
π“ŠΉπ“‰Ό – β€œGreat God”
π“ŽŸπ“‡― – β€œLord of the Sky” (𓇯 by itself usually means β€œabove,” but for this translation it’s just the word sky/heaven which is usually written as π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯. This is usually Amun’s π“‡‹π“ π“ˆ–π“€­ title so it’s a little strange to see it associated with Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­!)
π“‹Ύ – Ruler
𓆖 – Eternity

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Egyptian Artifacts

Unconventional Limestone Stela

This is a very unconventional limestone π“‡‹π“ˆ–π“ˆ™π“Œ‰ stela π“Ž—π“…±π“†“π“‰Έ, and it is from the Ptolemaic Period (2nd-1st century B.C.E.).

From the top, the piece starts of pretty normally – with the sun disk 𓇳𓏺 and curved wings representing heaven π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯, the two 𓏻 cobras representing Nekhbet π“‡‘π“ƒ€π“π“…π“ŽŸ and Wadjet π“‡…π“‡Œπ“π“†˜, and the two 𓏻 jackals π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯𓏦 facing each other. The two 𓏻 jackals π“Šƒπ“„Ώπ“ƒ€π“ƒ₯𓏦 are sitting on a horizontal line, which is another artistic representation of heaven π“Šͺ𓏏𓇯.

Traditionally, the deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱 is usually shown making offerings to the god Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­, while Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯ accompanied him. However, that is not happening here! The deceased 𓅓𓏏𓏱, a man named Pakhaas is shown sitting and receiving offerings from his son π“…­ Pakhy while the deceased’s 𓅓𓏏𓏱 wife 𓂑𓏏𓁐 Nesihor, is shown standing behind him holding a sistrum π“Šƒπ“ˆ™π“ˆ™π“π“£. Pakhaas and his son π“…­ are separated by an offering table 𓂝𓃀𓅑𓄿𓋃, and Pakhaas has a tiny Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­ sitting in his lap – this could mean that Pakhaas has effectively become Osiris π“Ήπ“Š¨π“€­. This means that Pakhy is Horus π“…ƒπ“€­ making offerings to his dead 𓅓𓏏𓏱 father 𓇋𓏏𓀀, while Nesihor is Isis π“Š¨π“π“₯. So this family has effectively become the very popular Egyptian triad.

The red π“‚§π“ˆ™π“‚‹π“…Ÿ and green 𓇅𓄿𓆓𓏛 paint can still be seen on the stela, whole the blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸π“₯ paint is no longer visible. Red π“‚§π“ˆ™π“‚‹π“…Ÿ and green tend to last longer than blue 𓇋𓁹𓏏𓄿𓏸π“₯!